Figure 1.

Some putative molecular mechanisms that underlie the ability of certain anthelmintic drugs to improve cancer immunotherapy. (I) Niclosamide and flubendazole suppress STAT3 phosphorylation/activation, thus, impairing the expression of PD-L1 and PD-1. (II) Albendazole negatively affects ubiquilin-4 expression/interaction with PD-L1, thus, promoting its degradation by the proteasome. (III) Rafoxanide and ivermectin promote bona fide immunogenic cell death in cancer cells and prime antitumor immune responses. Abbreviations: STAT- signal transducer and activator of transcription; PD-1: programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; Ub: ubiquitin; ICD: immunogenic cell death; DC: dendritic cells. Created with Biorender.com.