Table 11.
Odds ratios and 95% CI for non-financial effects of fraud (n = 12,519).
| Variable | Angry | Irritated | Embarrassment | Stressed | Physical Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (ref = 65+) | |||||
| 18–34 | 0.48 (0.42–0.55) *** | 0.57 (0.50–0.66) *** | 0.71 (0.59–0.84) *** | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) * | 0.54 (0.42–0.71) *** |
| 35–49 | 0.60 (0.53–0.68) *** | 0.68 (0.59–0.78) *** | 0.80 (0.67–0.94) *** | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.77 (0.61–0.99) * |
| 50–64 | 0.67 (0.60–0.76) *** | 0.81 (0.71–0.93) *** | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) * | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | 0.79 (0.64–1.02) |
| Gender (ref = female) | |||||
| Male | 0.63 (0.58–0.68) *** | 0.62 (0.57–0.67) *** | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.68 (0.63–0.74) *** | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) * |
| Education (ref = low) | |||||
| Medium | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | 1.05 (0.84–1.29) | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) * | 0.58 (0.45–0.74) *** |
| High | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 1.01 (0.81–1.24) | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 0.53 (0.41–0.68) *** |
| Financial situation | |||||
| (ref = difficult) | |||||
| Easy | 0.72 (0.66–0.79) *** | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) *** | 0.75 (0.67–0.8) *** | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) *** | 0.41 (0.35–0.49) *** |
| Live only adult (ref = yes) | |||||
| No | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) | 0.85 (0.72–1.02) |
| Area live (ref = rural) | |||||
| Small/medium town | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) *** | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 1.14 (1.00–1.30) * | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.75 (0.61–0.90) *** |
| Large town | 0.82 (0.74–0.91) *** | 0.87 (0.79–0.97) * | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 0.87 (0.78–0.96) * | 0.86 (0.70–1.04) |
| Internet use | |||||
| (ref = every day) | |||||
| Every week | 0.82 (0.73–0.94) *** | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) * | 1.29 (1.10–1.52) *** | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 1.05 (0.82–1.34) |
| Less than every week | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) * | 0.88 (0.75–1.05) | 0.93 (0.74–1.12) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 1.42 (1.07–1.83) *** |
| Never | 1.61 (1.13–1.91) *** | 1.26 (0.97–1.69) | 1.03 (0.68–1.33) | 0.66 (0.50–0.88) *** | 1.05 (0.62–1.47) |
| Online shopping | |||||
| (ref = every month) | |||||
| Less than every month | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) * | 0.97 (0.87–1.04) | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) * | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.18 (0.99–1.41) |
| Never | 0.77 (0.65–0.92) *** | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) * | 1.35 (1.08–1.69) ** | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 1.17 (0.85–1.61) |
| Seen fraud awareness campaign (ref = yes) | |||||
| No | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) * | 0.89 (0.82–0.98) * | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) * | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) |
| Avoid clicking suspicious links (ref = always) | |||||
| Sometimes | 0.96 (0.85–1.07) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) * | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) *** | 1.44 (1.15–1.79) *** |
| Never | 0.94 (0.79–1.04) | 0.91 (0.80–1.06) | 1.41 (1.16–1.61) *** | 1.44 (1.26–1.65) *** | 1.34 (1.06–1.69) * |
| Use antivirus (ref = always) | |||||
| Sometimes | 1.06 (0.93–1.19) | 1.03 (0.90–1.16) | 1.35 (1.16–1.57) *** | 1.35 (1.19–1.53) *** | 0.99 (0.77–1.26) |
| Never | 0.96 (0.87–1.09) | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) *** | 1.04 (0.89–1.20) | 0.81 (0.73–0.94) *** | 1.13 (0.88–1.36) |
| Check credibility of vendor (ref = always) | |||||
| Sometimes | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.98 (0.90–1.08) | 1.14 (1.01–1.28) * | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 0.93 (0.77–1.11) |
| Never | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) *** | 0.91 (0.81–1.04) | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) * | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) |
| Read terms and conditions (ref = always) | |||||
| Sometimes | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.25 (1.13–1.38) *** | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.92 (0.84–1.02) | 0.63 (0.52–0.75) *** |
| Never | 0.93 (0.83–1.03) | 0.94 (0.83–1.05) | 0.90 (0.77–1.04) | 0.75 (0.67–0.84) *** | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) * |
| Financial loss (ref = no) | |||||
| Yes | 5.10 (4.57–5.65) *** | 3.72 (3.32–4.16) *** | 5.62 (5.06–6.26) *** | 3.96 (3.62–4.33) *** | 4.90 (4.18–5.74) *** |
*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.