Table 2.
Overview of the clinical results of currently available CAR T cell products and some concepts undergoing clinical trials.
| CAR T | Cancer Type | Results | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| CD19-targeting CARs (Yescarta, Kymriah, Breyanzi, Tecartus) |
Various lymphomas and leukemias |
Yescarta: overall survival at 12 months of 65%, 42.6% at 5 years [37,38]. Kymriah: 82% remission rate, 5-year relapse-free survival rate of 44% and 5-year overall survival rate of 55% [39]. Breyanzi: event- and progression-free survival of 10.1 months and 14.8 months, respectively (NCT03575351). Tecartus: overall survival of 25.5 months and remission rate of 85% at 24 weeks [40]. |
Commercially Available Some PI/IICTs: (NCT04227015) (NCT04844086) (NCT05470777) |
| BCMA-targeting CARs (Abecma, Carvykti) |
Multiple myeloma |
Abecma: overall and progression-free survival of 12.5 months and 8.5 months, respectively. A total of 82% of patients developed some grade of CRS, but only 3% had it at grade 3 or higher [41]. Carvykti: very good partial responses or complete responses were achieved in 66.7% of patients in a PIICT (NCT4133636). After 13.5 months, only one patient retained a clinical response. A total of 83.3% of the patients presented with some grade of CRS, up to grade 4 for one patient. |
Commercially Available Some PI/IICTs: (NCT03767751) (NCT03448978) (NCT03361748) |
| CD20-targeting CARs | Various lymphomas and leukemias |
Six complete remissions, three partial remissions and two stable diseases in 11 patients in a PIICT (NCT01735604), with a median progression-free survival of 6 months. | Some PI/IICTs: (NCT04007029) (NCT04697940) |
| CD22-targeting CARs | Various lymphomas and leukemias |
In a PICT (NCT04088890), three patients (100%) with recurrent malignancies after CD19-targeting CAR T cell therapy achieved complete remission. Adverse events such as grade 1 and 2 CRS and high-grade neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia were detected. | Some PI/IICTs: (NCT05470777) (NCT05507827) |
| IL13Rα2-targeting CARs | Glioblastoma | A 228-day-long regression in one patient (PICT NCT02208362). Recurrence of cancer at four new locations, probably due to reduced TAA expression [42]. | Some PICTs: (NCT04003649) (NCT04661384) (NCT02208362) |
| Allogeneic NKG2D-based CAR (CYAD-101) |
Metastatic colorectal cancer |
In a PICT (NCT03692429) of 15 patients, 2 partial responses and 9 stable diseases were achieved, 7 of which lasted at least 3 months. Median progression-free survival: 3.9 months [43]. | Some PICTs: (NCT03692429) (NCT04991948) |
| HER2-targeting CARs | HER2+ cancers (pancreatic, breast, gastric, others) | In an advanced pancreatic cancer PICT (NCT01935843) of 11 patients, a 4.5 month-long partial response and 5 stable diseases were achieved. Median progression-free survival: 4.8 months (range, 1.5–8.3 months) [44]. | Some PI/IICTs: (NCT04650451) (NCT04430595) (NCT04650451) |
| GPC3-targeting CARs | Hepatocellular carcinoma | In two advanced hepatocellular carcinoma PICTs (NCT02395250 and NCT03146234), of a total of 13 patients, 2 partial responses were obtained. One patient with stable disease was alive after 44.2 months. Overall survival: 50.3% (6 months), 10.5% (3 years). One grade 5 and several grade 1/2 CRS events were recorded [45]. | Some PI/IICTs: (NCT03198546) |
For commercially available therapies, some results displayed are representative cases and earlier clinical trials, due to limited real-world data assessments. CRS—Cytokine-release syndrome; PICT—Phase I clinical trial; PIICT—Phase II clinical trial. Information on clinical trials retrieved from www.clinicaltrials.gov (accessed on 10 March 2023).