Figure 4.

Effect of 1,8-cineole on proinflammatory cytokine protein and mRNA expression. (a–d) DSS administration significantly increased colonic proinflammatory cytokine levels. 1,8-cineole treatment significantly prevented the increase in proinflammatory cytokines. (e–h) Similarly, DSS administration significantly increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels. 1,8-cineole treatment significantly prevented this increase in expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA. Data were obtained from n = 8 animals per group. The results are expressed as the means ± SEM. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001, and ns indicates results that were not significant.