Figure 1.

Itaconate hijacking by SA and PA. (a) In normal circumstances, SA and PA are detected by TLR, leading to macrophage activation and inflammation induction via succinate oxidation. In order to modulate pro-inflammatory responses, itaconate is synthetized. Itaconate inhibits glycolysis, succinate oxidation and neutrophils degranulation, drastically reducing inflammation and protecting host cells. (b) During chronic infections, SA and PA are able to adapt and hijack host response. Despite bacterial glycolysis inhibition, itaconate induces PA growth by succinate accumulation which is used as energy source. Secondarily, itaconate leads to more EPS synthesis, enabling more biofilm formation, which in turn induces itaconate production, promoting SA PA persistency.