Table 1.
Staphylococcus aureus impacts on host immunity.
| Effect | Effector | Bibliography |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammatory effect | ||
| Epithelium lysis | Hla | Seilie et al. [9] |
| Chemotaxis and complement activation inhibition | Eap | Chavakis et al. [10] |
| CHIPS | de Haas et al. [11]; Rooijakkers et al. [12] | |
| Complement activation inhibition | SCIN | Rooijakkers et al. [13] |
| ecb | Jongerius et al. [14] | |
| efb | Jongerius et al. [14] | |
| IL-1a inhibition | AdsA | Thammavongsa et al. [15] |
| IL-8 inhibition | Unknown | Chekabab et al. [16] |
| β haemolysin | Tajima et al. [17] | |
| Sae R/S | Zurek et al. [18] | |
| IL-10 inhibition | AdsA | Thammavongsa et al. [15] |
| Neutrophil recognition evasion | CoA | Guggenberger et al. [19] |
| vWBP | Guggenberger et al. [19] | |
| Biofilm | Parker et al. [20] | |
| Neutrophil degranulation inhibition | AdsA | Thammavongsa et al. [15,21] |
| Neutrophil proteases inhibition | Eap, EapH1 and EapH2 | Stapels et al. [22] |
| Neutrophil products degradation | Aureolysin | Sieprawska-Lupa et al. [23] |
| Neutrophil products protection | Staphylokinase | Jin et al. [24] |
| Oxidative burst inhibition | AdsA | Thammavongsa et al. [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91] |
| ROS inhibition | SodA and SodM | Garcia et al. [25]; Treffon et al. [26,27] |
| Carotenoid | Liu et al. [28] | |
| KatG | Cosgrove et al. [29] | |
| NETs degradation | AdsA | Thammavongsa et al. [30] |
| Nuclease | Herzog et al. [31]; Berends et al. [32] | |
| Phagocytosis inhibition | AdsA | Pernet et al. [33,34] |
| SpA | Falugi et al. [35] | |
| Sbi | Kim et al. [36] | |
| Phagocytic cells killing | Hla HlgAB HlgCB |
Seilie et al. [9] Foster et al. [37]; Seilie et al. [9] Seilie et al. [9] |
| PVL | Foster et al. [37] | |
| AdsA | Winstel et al. [38] | |
| T-cell activation inhibition through adenosine accumulation | AdsA | Thammavongsa et al. [15] |
| B-Lymphocytes apoptosis | SpA | Kim et al. [36] |
| sPLA2-IIA inhibition | AdsA | Pernet et al. [33,34] |
| Itaconate induction | Biofilm | Riquelme et al. [39]; Tomlinson et al. [40] |
| Nutritional immunity resistance | Staphylopine | Grim et al. [41] |
| Heme intake | Skaar et al. [42] | |
| Increased growth in presence of calprotectin | ArlRS | Radin et al. [43] |
| Activated in presence of calprotectin | Sae R/S | Rooijakkers et al. [13]; Jin et al. [24] |
| Pro inflammatory effect | ||
| NETs formation | Unknown | Herzog et al. [31] |
Abbreviations: IL, Interleukin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; sPLA2-IIA, group II secretory phospholipase A2.