Table 2.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa impacts on host immunity.
| Effect | Effector/Pathway | Bibliography |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammatory effect | ||
| Mucus thickening and mucociliary clearance impairing | Cif | Stanton et al. [44] |
| Epithelium lysis | 3O-C12-HSL | Schwarzer et al. [45] |
| Exo U | Hauser et al. [46] | |
| IL-2 inhibition | 3O-C12-HSL | Hooi et al. [47] |
| IL-6 inhibition | 3O-C12-HSL | Li et al. [48] |
| HHQ | Kim et al. [49] | |
| PQS | Kim et al. [49] | |
| IL-6 destruction | LasB | LaFayette et al. [50] |
| IL-8 inhibition | OMVs | Koeppen et al. [51] |
| UPR/CHOP/PPARγ pathway | Bedi et al. [39,40,41] | |
| IL-8 destruction | LasB | LaFayette et al. [50] |
| IL-10 induction | 3O-C12-HSL | Glucksam-Galnoy et al. [52], Bortolotti et al. [53] |
| IL-12 inhibition | PQS | Skindersoe et al. [54] |
| 3O-C12-HSL | Skindersoe et al. [54], Telford et al. [55] | |
| TNFα inhibition | HHQ | Kim et al. [49] |
| PQS | Kim et al. [49] | |
| 3O-C12-HSL | Hooi et al. [47] | |
| Neutrophil recognition evasion | Biofilm | Pedersen et al. [56]; Parker et al. [20] |
| Neutrophil products degradation | LasB | Skopelja et al. [57] |
| Neutrophil protease inhibition | siglec-9 binding | Khatua et al. [58] |
| ROS inhibition | siglec-9 binding | Khatua et al. [58] |
| UPR/CHOP/PPARγ pathway | Bedi et al. [39,40,41] | |
| NETs inhibition | siglec-9 binding | Khatua et al. [58] |
| LasR deficiency | Floyd et al. [59]; Skopelja-Gardner et al. [60] | |
| Phagocytosis inhibition | Loss of motility | Lovewell et al. [61] |
| Exo T | Hauser et al. [46] | |
| Exo S | Hauser et al. [46] | |
| LasB | Mariencheck et al. [62]; Kuang et al. [63]; Alcorn et al. [64]; Moraes et al. [65] | |
| PBMC, mast cells and lymphocyte proliferation inhibition | 3O-C12-HSL | Hooi et al. [47]; Li et al. [48]; Skindersoe et al. [54] |
| PQS | Hooi et al. [47]; Li et al. [48] | |
| Phagocytic cells killing | Exo U | Hauser, [46] |
| Rhamnolipids | Jensen et al. [66] | |
| Pyocyanin | Usher et al. [67] | |
| Itaconate induction | Biofilm | Riquelme et al. [39] |
| Nutritional immunity resistance | Heme intake | Reinhart et al. [68]; Nguyen et al. [69] |
| QS molecule accumulation | Paraoxoanse-2 | Bedi et al. [39,40,41] |
| Endotoxin tolerance | Unknown | Avendaño-Ortiz et al. [70] |
| Pro inflammatory effect | ||
| IL-1B induction | LasB | Sun et al. [71] |
| IL-6 induction | 3O-C12-HSL low concentration | Mayer et al. [72]; Li et al. [48] |
| IL-8 induction | 3O-C12-HSL low concentration | Shiner et al. [73]; Smith et al. [74] |
| NETs formation | LasA | Gambello et al. [75] |
| Motility | Floyd et al. [59] | |
| Flagellum | Floyd et al. [59] | |
| sPLA2-IIA induction | ExoS | Pernet et al. [33] |
Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; QS, quorum sensing; sPLA2-IIA, group II secretory phospholipase A2.