Table 3.

Transit time studies.

Author, Year	Study Design	Study Population	Inclusion Criteria	Investigational Product vs. Comparator	Main Findings
P. Mainguet, 1977 [17]	Randomized, double-blind, cross-over study	Patients with ileo-colic disease or resection (n = 18)	>3 months of diarrhea	Loperamide vs. placebo	4.6 h whole gut transit (loperamide) 2.2 h whole gut transit (placebo) (p < 0.001)
E.K. Yeoh, 1993 [16]	Randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study	Patients with chronic radiation enteritis (n = 20) + Healthy subjects (n = 18)	>14 stools/week	Loperamide oxide vs. placebo	Loperamide oxide decreased gastric emptying time, and increased small bowel and whole gut transit time compared with placebo Gastric emptying time decreased with loperamide in healthy subjects
P.A. Cann, 1984 [21]	Randomized, double-blind, cross-over study	Patients with symptoms of IBS (n = 28)	Symptoms (abdominal pain and bowel disturbances) present >6 months and >3 days/week	Loperamide vs. placebo	Loperamide decreased gastric emptying time, and increased small bowel and whole gut transit time compared with placebo 56 ± 5 h whole gut transit (loperamide) 42 ± 4 h whole gut transit (placebo) (p < 0.01)
E. Schulte-Frohlinde, 2000 [25]	Prospective, open dose–response study	Healthy male volunteers (n = 10)	No diarrhea	Casokefamide vs. placebo	Casokefamide showed a trend toward prolongation of oro–cecal transit time
L. Barrow, 1993 [24]	Randomized, cross-over study	Healthy subjects (n = 12)	Lactulose-induced diarrhea	Codeine phosphate	Codeine increased mouth-to-ileal and colonic transit time primarily in the ascending colon 5.3 ± 3.2 h whole gut transit (codeine) 2.8 ± 1.0 h whole gut transit (placebo) (p < 0.02)