Figure 7.

NOX4, MDA, and fumarate are modulated by the CMS121 diet. (A) Representative blot images of kidney extracts and their quantification: (C) fumarate hydratase (FH), (D) NOX4, and (E) MDA. (B) Fumarate levels in urine obtained from the metabolomic study (Figure 6). Vertical lines indicate non-adjacent lanes from the same blot, and dashed lines adjacent groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6–8). p-values are indicated for the untreated db/db mice compared to the CMS121-treated mice. Values were normalized to WT group (dashed line), and data are presented as percentages of WT values. One-way ANOVA was used to detect mean changes, and differences between db/db and db/db + 121 were evaluated by the Holm–Sidak post-hoc test.