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. 2023 Mar 29;14:1133781. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133781

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Copyright © 2023 Currenti, Simmons, Oakes, Gaudieri, Warren, Gangula, Alves, Ram, Leary, Armitage, Smith, Chopra, Halasa, Pilkinton and Kalams

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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HAI titer responses to A/Michigan/45/2015 and A/California/07/2009 were identified in both vaccination seasons. The d7 HAI titer to the H1N1 A/California/7/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 immunogens were significantly correlated following the (A) 2016-17 and (C) 2017-18 vaccines (p < 0.001; Spearman rank correlation). (B) Despite no A/Michigan/45/2015 immunogen in the 2016-17 vaccine, the HAI titer fold change from d0 to d7 for A/Michigan/45/2015 is negatively correlated with pre-vaccination (d0) titer (p < 0.001; Spearman rank correlation). (D) Similarly, the HAI titer fold change from d0 to d7 for A/California/7/2009 is negatively correlated with pre-vaccination (d0) titer (p = 0.002; Spearman rank correlation) despite the immunogen not being present in the 2017-18 vaccine.