Table 2.

Studies investigating the role of EAT in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Manuscript	Study Design	Sample Size	Method	Major Findings
Doesch, 2010 [36]	Retrospective single center study	66 patients with symptomatic HF and LVEF ≤ 35% (mean age 63 ± 2 years, 82% male, BMI 27 ± 4 kg/m2), 32 controls (mean age 57 ± 11 years, 78% male, BMI 28 ± 4 kg/m2)	Cardiac magnetic resonance (EAT volume)	Reduced EAT volume and mass in HfrEF irrespective of underlying aetiology. Lower EAT mass/LV mass ratio compared to healthy controls.
Tromp, 2021 [71]	Observational prospective nationwide study (Canada)	204 patients with HF diagnosis (mean age 55 ± 11 years, 82% male, BMI 26 kg/m2), 113 community-based controls without HF (mean age 59 ± 10 years, 44% male, BMI 24 kg/m2)	Cardiac magnetic resonance (EAT volume) and echocardiography (EAT thickness)	EAT mass higher in HfrEF
Pugliese, 2021 [56]	Observational prospective single center study	205 HfrEF patients (median age 65 (IQR: 55–74) years, 65% male, BMI 27 (IQR: 21–33) kg/m2), 188 HfpEF patients (median age 73 (IQR: 64–80) years, 48% male, BMI 31.5 (IQR: 29–36) kg/m2), 44 healthy controls (median age 61 (IQR: 54–70) years, 59% male, BMI 23 (IQR: 22–24) kg/m2).	Echocardiography (EAT thickness)	Reduced EAT thickness in HfrEF as compared to HfpEF and healthy controls. In HfrEF, a reduced EAT thickness was associated with higher NT-proBNP, hs-CRP, and hs-TnT values; with a reduced execise capacity as expressed by peak VO2; and with an increased LV mass. Worse cardiovascular outcome in HFrEF patients with reduced EAT thickness.