| PAHs | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
| AuNPs | gold nanoparticles |
| Nap | naphthalene |
| Ace | acenaphthene |
| LOD | limit of detection |
| EU | European Union |
| SCF | Scientific Committee on Food |
| GC/MS | gas chromatography/mass spectrometry |
| HPLC | high-performance liquid chromatography |
| LSPR | localized surface plasmon resonance |
| PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
| IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |
| RSD | relative standard deviation |