Table 1.

Effect of LPC supplement on brain health.

Types of PL Form	Model System	Treatment and Duration	Findings	References
1-DHA-LPC 2-DHA-LPC	adult mice	1 mg/d (oral administration); 1 month	-Increased the percentage of DHA and C20:4 in the plasma -Improved DHA level and C22:6/C20:4 ratio in all regions of the brain -LPC-DHA treatment remarkably improved memory and spatial learning -Increased molecular species of DHA-PC, DHA-PE in the plasma and BNDF level (brain derived neurotrophic factor) in all brain regions	[14]
sn-1 LPC-EPA	adult mice	1 mg DHA per d or ∼40 mg/kg body weight	-Improved memory and cognition. -LPC-EPA in the brain increased from 0.03 to 4 μmol/g (>100-fold) -Little effect on free EPA -DHA was increased 2-fold by LPC-EPA but not by free EPA. -LPC-EPA also increased DHA concentration in the retina and improved brain-derived neurotrophic factors in the brain	[15]
Labelled LPC	adult squirrel monkeys	1.36 μmol	-LPC in the plasma is taken up by the brain, metabolized in brain tissue and acts as a precursor of PC and choline	[96]
LPC-DHA	APOE3- and APOE4-TR mice	4 to 12 months	-LPC-DHA-enriched krill oil could increase DHA level in the brain -Improved memory relevant behaviour -LPC-DHA supplements could be preventive for some level of age-related neurodegeneration	[16]
LPC	adult mice	-	-Revealed the protection against LPC-induced demyelinating lesion and cognitive deficits -Could be a feasible and promising therapeutic treatment against demyelinating diseases	[97]
LPC-DHA	expectant mice	DHA-LPC (68.8 mg/mL, oral administration); 4 d	-Improved the DHA level in the brain	[98]