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. 2023 Apr 12:1–6. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1038/s41372-023-01661-0

Table 2.

Frequency, rate, and duration of three types of Developmental Care (M (SD)) activities (All Developmental Care, Kangaroo Care, Swaddled Holding) performed by mothers who did not complete mental health screening (Non-Screened; n = 80) versus two groups of mothers who completed mental health screening (non-clinically elevated; n = 36; clinically-elevated; n = 19).

Non-Screened Screened
Non-Clinically Elevated Clinically Elevated F p
All Dev Care
Frequency 1.2 (0.8) 1.2 (0.8) 1.3 (0.5) 0.15 0.86
Rate 61.5 (43.2) 61.6 (49.6) 66.7 (28.0) 0.12 0.89
Duration 51.7 (10.0) 50.2 (10.0) 51.8 (8.2) 0.34 0.71
Kangaroo Care
Frequency 0.2 (0.2) 0.2 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 0.85 0.43
Rate 17.6 (18.5) 14.0 (12.6) 17.1 (10.3) 0.64 0.53
Duration 69.6 (14.9) 71.2 (15.7) 77.4 (21.2) 1.72 0.18
Swaddled Holding
Frequency 0.5 (0.4) 0.5 (0.5) 0.5 (0.3) 0.01 0.99
Rate 33.1 (27.2) 35.3 (36.3) 34.5 (17.7) 0.08 0.93
Duration 63.1 (11.9) 65.6 (10.2) 67.3 (12.5) 1.32 0.27

For Frequency and Rate df = (2, 132); for Duration, df = (2, 129). Frequency = Total number of instances divided by number of days of hospitalization; Rate = Total minutes divided by number of days of hospitalization; Duration = Total minutes divided by total number of instances.