Table 4.
Various nanoparticles are utilized for the removal of different contaminants from wastewater.
| Nanoparticles | Synthesis Method | Shape | Diameter (nm) | Contaminants | Removal% | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron oxide NPs | Tangerine peel extract | Spherical | 50 nm–1 μm | Cd (II) | 90% | [203] |
| Zinc oxide NPs | Co-precipitation | Spherical | 374.1–730.2 | Phenol | 100% | [204] |
| Fe3O4 @1 | combining Fe3O4 and polyoxometalate. | Mostly spherical | 19.1 | methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (ChB), safranine T (T), gentian violet (GV), fuchsin basic (FB) | 96.9%, 96.3%, 89.1%, 96.1%, and 94.5%, respectively. | [205] |
| Titanium oxide NPs | Peepal leaf extract | Agglomerated particles | 11–91 | Methylene blue, methylene orange | 64% and 28% | [206] |
| Copper oxide NPs-1 | Mint leaf extract | Mostly spherical | ~150 | Cd (II), Ni (II) and Pb (II). | 18%, 52.5%, and 84% | [207] |