Table 3.

Various violence-related risk assessment tools

Broset Violence Checklist (BVC)[15]	This is a pen-and-paper based 6-point scale with a total rating score range from ‘0-6’. Each of the six components is scored for its presence (1) or absence (0). Cutoff is equal to or >2 It assesses: Threats- physical or verbal, irritability, confusion, vociferous behaviour, and attack on an object.
Classification of Violence Risk (COVR)[16]	Interactive and computer-based. Assess the risk of inpatient psychiatric patients committing violence against others. The software generates a report showing the patient’s risk of violence (violence likelihood ranges from 1% to 76%)., with an enumeration of risk factors that the program took into consideration for the risk estimation
Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression (DASA)[17]	It is a seven-item pen and paper-based scale with scores ranging from ‘0-7’. Cutoff is equal to or greater than 2. Behaviour assessed: sensitivity to a perceived provocation, anger on denial the of request, irritability, impulsive behaviour, negative attitudes, verbal threat, and reluctance to follow directions.
Historical Clinical and Risk Management - 20 items (HCR-20)[18]	20-item scale Include ten historical factors, five clinical factors, and five dynamic risk management factors. Scored on a 3-point scale (0-2), with higher scores reflecting the presence of risk factors.
Modified overt aggression scale (MOAS)[19]	Measure verbal and physical aggression of people with intellectual disabilities in the community. It is suitable for assessing the effectiveness of interventions aimed at controlling aggressive-challenging behavior in this group.
Nursing Observed Illness Intensity Scale (NOIIS)[20]	Behavioral improvement and symptom reduction can be measured more objectively. Completed by an experienced nurse on duty at the end of each shift, based on observations and patient interactions. Can also be used to track patient progress, response to treatment changes, and discharge eligibility. This scale can be used for clinical studies of treatment outcomes.
Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R)[21]	The PCL was designed to use for legal offenders. There are 20 points, each scored on a 3-point ordinal scale (0-2) based on information gathered from the offender’s institutional record. This instrument capture idea about the offender’s interpersonal relationships, education, occupation, family life, marital status, current and past offenses, drug, and alcohol use, and health problems.
Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START)[22]	It consists of 20 items. Scoring ranges from ‘0-2’ (0=no relevant strengths/vulnerabilities; 1=some relevant strengths/vulnerabilities; and 2=definite strengths/vulnerabilities. Assess dynamic risk factors for seven adverse outcomes: violence, self-harm, suicide, substance misuse, victimization, self-neglect and unauthorized leave. No ‘cut-off’ scores are provided.
The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide-Revised (VRAG-R)[23]	It is an actuarial risk assessment instrument that contains 12 items. It is appropriate for males who are 18 years old or more and have committed serious, violent, or sexual offenses. The instrument scores based on clinical records rather than interviews and provides a numerical risk estimate.