Table 1.
In vitro effects of HTyr on inflammation.
| Treatment and Dose | Model | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-treatment 25, 50, 100 μM HTyr |
Human Macrophages: THP-1 + LPS |
↓ TNF-α | [117] |
| Pre-treatment 0.25, 0.5, 1 μM HTyr |
Human Mononuclear Cells: PBMCs + oxysterol mixture |
↓ IL-1β, MIF, RANTES ↓ p38MAPK and JNK phosphorylation |
[118] |
| Co-treatment 10, 20, 40, 80 μM HTyr |
Murine Macrophages: RAW 264.7 + LPS |
↓ IL-1β, TNF-α ↓ NF-κB phosphorylation |
[119] |
| Pre-treatment 50 μM HTyr 12.5, 25, 50 μM Per-HTyr |
Murine Macrophages: ex vivo peritoneal macrophages + LPS |
↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, IFN-γ ↓ STAT3 activation ↓ IL-18 via non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome |
[72] |
| Pre-treatment 50, 100 μM HTyr |
Murine Macrophages: RAW 264.7 + LPS |
↓ M1, ↑ M2 macrophages ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ↑ IL-10, IL-4 ↓ ERK1/2 phosphorylation |
[121] |
| Co-treatment 5, 10 μM HTyr |
Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes: ex vivo monocytes + LPS |
No change in IL-1β, TNF-α | [122] |
| Co-treatment 50, 100 μM HTyr |
Murine Macrophages: RAW 264.7 + LPS |
↑ TNF-α | [123] |
| Co-treatment 80 μM HTyr |
Murine Macrophages: ex vivo peritoneal macrophages + LPS |
↑ TNF-α, IL-10 no change in NF-κB expression and phosphorylation |
[124] |
| Co-treatment 1, 10, 25, 50 μM HTyr |
Murine Microglia: BV2 + LPS |
↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL10 ↓ JNK1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation ↓ NF-κBp65 translocation to the nucleus ↓ NLRP3 inflammasome |
[125] |
| Pre-treatment 25, 50, 100 μM HTyr |
Murine Microglia: BV2 + LPS primary microglia + LPS |
↓ M1 ↑ M2 ↓ IL-1 β, TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ TLR-4 ↓ NF-κBp65 phosphorylation ↓ ERK1/2 phosphorylation |
[126] |
| Co-treatment 20, 100 μM HTyr |
Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells and Rat Microglia: primary HNPC + TNF-α microglia + LPS |
↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ NLRP3 inflammasome ↓ NF-κB activation ↓ ERK phosphorylation |
[127] |
| Pre-treatment 1 μM HTyr for 4 weeks |
Human Pre-senescent and Senescent Fibroblasts: MRC5 NHDF NHDF + TNF-α |
↓ IL-6 ↓ NF-κB activation |
[128] |
| Pre-treatment 12.5–100 μM HTyr 12.5–100 μM HTyr-Ac |
Human Keratinocytes: primary keratinocytes + IL-1β primary keratinocytes + Poly I:C |
↓ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 ↓ NF-κB activation and translocation to binding site in the IL-8 promoter |
[129] |
| Pre-treatment 25, 50, 100 μM HTyr |
Human Psoriatic Keratinocytes: HaCaT + M5 cytokine cocktail |
↓ IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α | [130] |
| Pre-treatment 1 μM HTyr |
Chemical Carcinogenesis in Human Primary Colonic Epithelial Cells: HCoEpC + B[a]P |
↓ IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, CXCL13 ↓ ERK1/2 phosphorylation |
[131] |
Abbreviations: Per-HTyr: peracetylated hydroxytyrosol. HTyr-Ac: hydroxytyrosyl acetate. LPS: lipopolysaccharide. PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TNF: tumor necrosis factor. IL: interleukin. MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor. RANTES: regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted. CXCL: C-X-C motif ligand. VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. TLR: toll-like receptor. NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB. MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase. STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription. ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase. JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase. HNPC: human nucleus pulposus cells. MRC5: human fibroblasts from fetal lung tissue. NHDFs: neonatal human dermal fibroblasts. B[a]P: Benzo[a]pyrene. ↓ Decrease. ↑ Increase.