Table 2.
In vivo effects of HTyr on inflammation.
| HTyr Treatment and Dose | Model | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 mg/kg diet: 4 g/day orally for 6 months |
Murine pristane-induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: ex vivo splenocytes+LPS ex vivo macrophages+LPS renal tissue |
↓ IL-1β, IL-6 ↓ IκB degradation, p65NF-kB nuclear translocation ↓ MAPK phosphorylation |
[132] |
| 100 mg/kg/day orally for 2 days | Murine LPS-induced Acute Liver Injury: liver tissue liver macrophages serum |
↓ M1 ↑ M2 macrophages ↓ IL-1 β, TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ IL-10, IL-4 |
[121] |
| 10 mg/kg/day orally for 16 weeks | ApoE−/− Mice Atherosclerosis: blood heart tissue liver tissue |
↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CRP ↑ IL-10 ↓ NF-kB activation ↓ p38MAPK phosphorylation |
[133] |
| 10 mg/kg/day orally for 5 weeks | Rats with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: liver tissue |
↓ TNF-α, IL-6 | [134] |
| 80 mg/kg/daily for 2 or 5 days |
Murine LPS-induced Systemic Inflammation: plasma |
↓ TNF-α | [135] |
| 100 mg/kg/day orally for 2 days | Murine LPS-induced Brain Inflammation: brain tissue |
↓ IL-6, IL-1 β, and TNF-α | [126] |
| 2 μL of 100 μM injected intrathecally | Rat Chronic Compression of Dorsal Root Ganglion-induced Neuropathic Pain: spinal dorsal horn |
↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ ERK phosphorylation |
[127] |
| 10 and 50 mg/kg/day orally |
Murine DSS-induced Colitis: colon tissue fecal samples |
↓ IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α ↑ IL-10 ↓ NF-κB activation ↓ Inflammation-related microbes of gut microbiota |
[137] |
| 40 mg/kg/day orally for 14 days | Murine DSS-induced Colitis: colon tissue fecal samples |
↓ IL-18 and IL-1β via ↓ NLRP3 inflammasome activation ↓ inflammation-related microbes of gut microbiota |
[138] |
Abbreviations: LPS: lipopolysaccharide. IL: interleukin. TNF: tumor necrosis factor. DSS: dextran sodium sulfate. NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB. MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase. ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase. ↓ Decrease ↑ Increase.