Table 3.
In vitro effects of HTyr on autophagy.
| HTyr Treatment and Dose |
Model | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-treatment 25, 50, 100 μM |
Rat Arthritis: ex vivo primary chondrocytes + TNF-α |
↓ IL-1β, IL-6 through ↑ autophagy via SIRT6 |
[174] |
| Pre-treatment 75 μM |
Rat Arthritis: ex vivo primary condrocytes + AOPPs |
↓ IL-6, TNF-α through ↑ autophagy via SIRT1 |
[175] |
| Pre-treatment 25, 50, 100 μM |
Rat Vasculitis: ex vivo primary vascular adventitial fibroblasts + TNF-α |
↓ IL-1 β, IL-6, MCP-1 through ↑ autophagy via SIRT1-mediated ↓ AKT/mTOR |
[176] |
| Pre-treatment 1 μM |
Chemical Carcinogenesis in Human Primary Colonic Epithelial Cells: HCoEpC + B[a]P |
↓ IL-6, Il-8, VEGF, CXCL13 ↑ autophagy via ↓ 4EBP1 phosphorylation (↓ mTOR pathway) |
[131] |
| Pre-treatment 75 μM |
Rat Alopecia: primary dermal papilla cells + H2O2 |
↓ IL-6, TNF-α via ↑ autophagy ↑ FGF, PDGF |
[177] |
Abbreviations: TNF: tumor necrosis factor. IL: interleukin. MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. CXCL: C-X-C motif ligand. VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. AOPPs: advanced oxidation protein products. SIRT: silent mating type information regulator. AKT/mTOR: Ak strain transforming/mammalian target of rapamycin complex. 4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1. B[a]P: Benzo[a]pyrene. ↓ Decrease. ↑ Increase.