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. 2023 Apr 6;28(7):3267. doi: 10.3390/molecules28073267

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Expression of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) kinase regulated by carotenoid extract of C. racemosa. (A) Expression of inflammatory markers at 6 h of incubation. (B) Expression of inflammatory markers at 24 h of incubation. CrE: C. racemosa—ethanol (polar); CrEA: C. racemosa—ethyl acetate (semi-polar); CrNH: C. racemosa—n-hexane (non-polar); control lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ** p = 0.0065; *** p = 0.003; **** p < 0.0001.