Table 2.
Effects of HTyr or of OLE on stroke, adult neurogenesis, age-associated stress and depression, and peripheral nervous system.
| Process/Disease | System | Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult neurogenesis | Aged mice (12-month-old) | HTyr activates stem cells in HPC; decreases marker of aging (Iba1 and lipofuscin) | [47] |
| Stress | Rat mothers-Prenatal stress | HTyr restores in offspring BDNF, GAP43, synaptophysin, and NMDA receptor subunits expression | [221] |
| Stroke | Mice; cerebral artery occl. | HTyr improves short-term memory and increase of BDNF and cerebral blood flow in HPC | [222] |
| Stroke | Rat; cerebral artery occl. | OLE decreases cerebral edema and plasma fibrinogen and increases antioxidant enzymes in brain tissue | [223] |
| Stroke | Mouse; cerebral artery occl. | OLE reduces the volume of cerebral infarction and apoptosis through reduction of Bax | [224] |
| Stroke | Rat; intracerebral hemorrage | OLE decreases cerebral edema and protects blood brain barrier structure | [225] |
| Depression-like | Mice undergoing CUMS | HTyr improves performance in depression tests, and induces BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway | [226] |
| Depression-like | Rats undergoing CUMS | HTyr improves HPA axis by reducing CORT, ACTH; restores hippocampal 5-HT and BDNF | [227] |
| Stress/PTSD (SPS) | Immobilization/forced swim | OLE reduces anxiety possibly by restoring NPY and BDNF in HPC | [228] |
| Depression-like | Mice corticosterone-treated | OLE improves performance in tail suspension and forced swimming test | [229] |
| Neuropathic pain | Needle spinal cord puncture | HTyr lowers inflammation induced by NF-kB pathway (COX-2, NLRP3, iNOS, ADAMTS-4) | [230] |
| Nerve regeneration | Primary Schwann cells | HTyr stimulates proliferation of primary human Schwann cells and p75 NGFR expression | [231] |
| Peripheral Neuropathy | STZ-treated diabetic rats | HTyr improves nerve conduction velocity and restores thermal nociceptive threshold | [232] |
| Trauma inflammation | Spinal cord injury | OLE reduces post-traumatic neutrophil infiltration in spinal cord (as by myeloperoxidase activity) | [233] |
| Trauma inflammation | Spinal cord injury; rats | HTyr reduces lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase activity, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis | [234] |
Abbreviations: Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), hippocampus (HPC), neurotrophic receptor kinase receptor type-2 (TrkB), cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB), cortistatin (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), streptozotocin (STZ), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 4 (ADAMTS-4), p75 nerve growth factor receptor (p75 NGFR).