TABLE 2.
The results of subgroup analysis of anxiety prevalence among graduate students
| Any anxiety | Mild anxiety | Moderate anxiety | Severe anxiety | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K | Es | LL | UL | I 2 (%) | K | Es | LL | UL | I 2 (%) | K | Es | LL | UL | I 2 (%) | K | Es | LL | UL | I 2 (%) | |
| Quality of studies | Q = 11.704 ** | 98.95 | Q = 6.059 ** | 95.71 | Q = 69.674 ** | 95.92 | Q = 54.480 ** | 97.30 | ||||||||||||
| L | 5 | 0.403 | 0.233 | 0.600 | 92.88 | 3 | 0.093 | 0.014 | 0.419 | 94.22 | 3 | 0.176 | 0.083 | 0.335 | 83.00 | 3 | 0.093 | 0.060 | 0.141 | 13.09 |
| L‐H | 21 | 0.391 | 0.293 | 0.500 | 98.96 | 9 | 0.166 | 0.096 | 0.270 | 95.47 | 10 | 0.214 | 0.173 | 0.262 | 82.14 | 11 | 0.151 | 0.107 | 0.209 | 9.71 |
| M‐H | 21 | 0.341 | 0.268 | 0.423 | 99.19 | 10 | 0.226 | 0.176 | 0.286 | 96.31 | 9 | 0.113 | 0.069 | 0.180 | 97.34 | 10 | 0.087 | 0.045 | 0.160 | 98.36 |
| H | 3 | 0.130 | 0.066 | 0.241 | 94.60 | 1 | 0.159 | 0.137 | 0.184 | / | 1 | 0.047 | 0.035 | 0.063 | / | 1 | 0.014 | 0.008 | 0.024 | / |
| Sampling method | Q = 3.334 | 99.10 | Q = 3.087 | 96.43 | Q = 6.877 ** | 97.10 | Q = 0.004 | 98.36 | ||||||||||||
| Nonrandom | 27 | 0.336 | 0.264 | 0.416 | 99.17 | 12 | 0.206 | 0.155 | 0.269 | 96.90 | 12 | 0.133 | 0.090 | 0.192 | 97.10 | 13 | 0.083 | 0.047 | 0.143 | 98.34 |
| Random | 5 | 0.207 | 0.123 | 0.327 | 98.15 | 2 | 0.156 | 0.137 | 0.177 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.059 | 0.037 | 0.094 | 75.53 | 2 | 0.075 | 0.003 | 0.698 | 99.22 |
| Measure | Q = 528.159 ** | 98.95 | Q = 253.005 ** | 95.71 | Q = 207.174 ** | 95.92 | Q = 256.617 ** | 97.30 | ||||||||||||
| BAI | 2 | 0.200 | 0.149 | 0.262 | 82.72 | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / |
| CCAPS‐62 | 1 | 0.496 | 0.433 | 0.559 | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 1 | 0.252 | 0.201 | 0.311 | .00 | 1 | 0.244 | 0.193 | 0.302 | / |
| DASS‐21 | 13 | 0.558 | 0.483 | 0.631 | 95.06 | 12 | 0.147 | 0.103 | 0.206 | 95.00 | 10 | 0.194 | 0.155 | 0.241 | 87.64 | 12 | 0.184 | 0.142 | 0.236 | 93.39 |
| DASS‐42 | 1 | 0.800 | 0.667 | 0.889 | / | 1 | 0.360 | 0.240 | 0.501 | .00 | 1 | 0.320 | 0.206 | 0.460 | .00 | 1 | 0.120 | 0.055 | 0.242 | / |
| GAD‐2 | 2 | 0.305 | 0.163 | 0.496 | 93.53 | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / |
| GAD‐7 | 16 | 0.353 | 0.269 | 0.448 | 98.93 | 6 | 0.318 | 0.298 | 0.339 | 1.83 | 6 | 0.138 | 0.102 | 0.184 | 85.75 | 6 | 0.077 | 0.041 | 0.138 | 93.41 |
| GHQ‐28 | 1 | 0.199 | 0.167 | 0.235 | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / |
| HADS | 1 | 0.225 | 0.121 | 0.379 | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / |
| HAM‐A | 1 | 0.175 | 0.086 | 0.324 | / | 1 | 0.025 | 0.004 | 0.157 | / | 1 | 0.130 | 0.056 | 0.273 | / | 1 | 0.025 | 0.004 | 0.157 | / |
| K10 | 1 | 0.518 | 0.467 | 0.568 | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / |
| PHQ‐9 | 3 | 0.142 | 0.032 | 0.454 | 99.55 | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / |
| SAS | 1 | 0.209 | 0.195 | 0.224 | / | 1 | 0.147 | 0.135 | 0.160 | / | 1 | 0.047 | 0.040 | 0.054 | 1 | 0.016 | 0.012 | 0.021 | / | |
| SCL‐90 | 3 | 0.111 | 0.097 | 0.126 | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / |
| ZSAS | 4 | 0.248 | 0.197 | 0.307 | 88.33 | 2 | 0.153 | 0.135 | 0.175 | .00 | 3 | 0.078 | 0.018 | 0.282 | 97.36 | 3 | 0.022 | 0.006 | 0.075 | 88.21 |
| Education level | Q = 0.36 | 98.67 | Q =0 .038 | 88.31 | Q = 6.855 ** | 86.88 | Q =0 .053 | 95.35 | ||||||||||||
| Master | 9 | 0.292 | 0.180 | 0.437 | 99.01 | 2 | 0.237 | 0.212 | 0.263 | .00 | 1 | 0.261 | 0.216 | 0.311 | / | 6 | 0.135 | 0.068 | 0.252 | 47.71 |
| Doctoral | 14 | 0.343 | 0.252 | 0.447 | 98.25 | 5 | 0.229 | 0.160 | 0.315 | 91.75 | 5 | 0.165 | 0.121 | 0.220 | 83.82 | 6 | 0.135 | 0.068 | 0.252 | 96.47 |
| Gender | Q = 0.374 | 98.63 | Q = 0.031 | 86.07 | Q = 0.029 | 89.68 | Q = 0.131 | 91.78 | ||||||||||||
| female | 16 | 0.412 | 0.291 | 0.544 | 98.88 | 7 | 0.223 | 0.145 | 0.328 | 85.13 | 8 | 0.241 | 0.162 | 0.344 | 88.26 | 8 | 0.150 | 0.092 | 0.235 | 86.95 |
| male | 14 | 0.355 | 0.240 | 0.490 | 98.34 | 5 | 0.210 | 0.118 | 0.346 | 88.94 | 6 | 0.256 | 0.142 | 0.416 | 91.98 | 6 | 0.123 | 0.043 | 0.303 | 95.12 |
| Country | Q = 237.678 ** | 98.96 | Q = 6.069 ** | 95.87 | Q = 102.735 ** | 96.10 | Q = 98.458 ** | 97.40 | ||||||||||||
| Australia | 1 | 0.560 | 0.452 | 0.662 | / | 1 | 0.131 | 0.074 | 0.221 | / | 1 | 0.250 | 0.169 | 0.353 | / | 1 | 0.178 | 0.110 | 0.275 | / |
| China | 15 | 0.220 | 0.170 | 0.281 | 98.48 | 5 | 0.177 | 0.129 | 0.238 | 94.60 | 5 | 0.073 | 0.035 | 0.146 | 97.39 | 5 | 0.037 | 0.007 | 0.184 | 99.10 |
| Croatia | 1 | 0.532 | 0.481 | 0.583 | / | 1 | 0.149 | 0.116 | 0.189 | / | 1 | 0.076 | 0.053 | 0.108 | / | 1 | 0.307 | 0.262 | 0.356 | / |
| Egypt | 1 | 0.523 | 0.444 | 0.600 | / | 1 | 0.103 | 0.064 | 0.162 | / | 1 | 0.213 | 0.156 | 0.284 | / | 1 | 0.207 | 0.150 | 0.278 | / |
| India | 4 | 0.727 | 0.606 | 0.821 | 81.44 | 4 | 0.252 | 0.164 | 0.365 | 81.47 | 3 | 0.274 | 0.239 | 0.312 | .00 | 4 | 0.141 | 0.092 | 0.209 | 72.35 |
| Jordan | 1 | 0.225 | 0.121 | 0.379 | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / |
| Nepal | 1 | 0.472 | 0.424 | 0.520 | / | 1 | 0.315 | 0.272 | 0.362 | / | 1 | 0.103 | 0.077 | 0.136 | / | 1 | 0.054 | 0.036 | 0.081 | / |
| Poland | 1 | 0.199 | 0.167 | 0.235 | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 0 | / | / | / | / |
| Saudi Arabia | 1 | 0.835 | 0.737 | 0.902 | / | 1 | 0.367 | 0.269 | 0.478 | / | 1 | 0.342 | 0.246 | 0.453 | / | 1 | 0.126 | 0.069 | 0.219 | / |
| South Africa | 1 | 0.361 | 0.276 | 0.456 | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 1 | 0.287 | 0.210 | 0.379 | / | 1 | 0.074 | 0.037 | 0.141 | / |
| UK | 2 | 0.396 | 0.371 | 0.421 | .00 | 1 | 0.240 | 0.214 | 0.268 | / | 0 | / | / | / | / | 1 | 0.151 | 0.130 | 0.174 | / |
| US | 19 | 0.351 | 0.252 | 0.466 | 99.29 | 7 | 0.181 | 0.099 | 0.306 | 97.92 | 8 | 0.161 | 0.130 | 0.198 | 82.99 | 8 | 0.128 | 0.079 | 0.201 | 96.04 |
| COVID‐19 | Q = 0.452 | 98.96 | Q = 1.210 | 95.86 | Q = 1.683 | 96.10 | Q = 1.033 | 97.34 | ||||||||||||
| before | 20 | 0.362 | 0.287 | 0.443 | 99.02 | 12 | 0.224 | 0.180 | 0.275 | 85.46 | 9 | 0.177 | 0.127 | 0.241 | 87.59 | 12 | 0.119 | 0.087 | 0.159 | 84.85 |
| after | 27 | 0.324 | 0.253 | 0.404 | 98.68 | 10 | 0.180 | 0.129 | 0.246 | 97.27 | 12 | 0.125 | 0.082 | 0.187 | 97.41 | 11 | 0.082 | 0.041 | 0.155 | 98.58 |
p < .05.
**
p < .01.