Table 2.

Description of included studies.

Author	Year	Sample Size	Years	Design	Methods	Population	Location	U.S. Regions
Barrington and Beresford [44]	2019	2265	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 43	Randomized Controlled Trial	Questionnaire	Workers (manufacturing, transportation, utilities, household, and others)	Seattle, Washington	West
Berryman et al. [66]	2021	10,112	≥19	Cross-sectional	Survey	NR	Nationwide	Nationwide
Close et al. [57]	2016	388	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 42.4	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	Health insurer workers	North Carolina	Southeast
Cowan et al. [3]	2020	9633	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 48.3	Cross-sectional	Survey	NR	Nationwide	Nationwide
Ebel and Byker [56]	2022	4		Case study	Semi-structured Interview	Store managers	Montana	West
Grimes et al. [45]	2018	1834	32–70, $\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 53.2	Prospective	Interview	African American and White adults	Baltimore, Maryland	Northeast
Hess et al. [69]	2017	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 5000	NR	Cross-sectional	Survey	Families (household leaders)	U.S., non-specified	U.S., non-specified
House et al. [47]	2018	92	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 18.8	Cross-sectional	Survey	Hispanic college freshmen	Austin, Texas	Southwest
Kong et al. [53]	2011	123	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 58	Randomized Controlled Trial	Interview	Postmenopausal overweight-to-obese women	Seattle, Washington	West
Kuczmarski et al. [46]	2017	7177	30 to 64, $\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 47	Factorial Cross	Interview	African American and White adults	Baltimore, Maryland	Northeast
Laska et al. [52]	2011	48	18 to 23	Cross-sectional	Survey	NR	Minneapolis, Minnesota	Midwest
Liu et al. [62]	2015	226	18 to 85, $\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 40	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	NR	Los Angeles, California; Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Columbus, Ohio; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Albuquerque, New Mexico.	All regions
Malaeb et al. [51]	2020	20	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 45.5	Randomized Controlled Trial	Smartphone App: survey	Metabolically healthy, overweight, or obese adults	Minneapolis, Minnesota	Midwest
McCurley et al. [54]	2022	602	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 43.6	Cross-sectional	Survey	Hospital employees	Boston, Massachusetts	Northeast
Mills et al. [70]	2011	1099	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 49.6	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	Midlife women	Nine metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas	U.S., non-specified
Murakami and Livingstone [67]	2015	NR	20 to ≥60	Cross-sectional	Survey	NR	Nationwide	Nationwide
Murakami and Livingstone [64]	2016	19,427	≥20	Cross-sectional	Face to face or phone interview	General population, excluding pregnant and lactating	Nationwide	Nationwide
Perrigue et al. [50]	2016	12	18 to 50	Randomized Controlled Trial	Self-Report	NR	Seattle, Washington	West
Phan and Chambers [20]	2016	198	18 to 74	Pilot study	Survey	University faculty, staff, and students	Kansas	Midwest
Phan and Chambers [48]	2018	100	18 to 74	Cross-sectional	Survey	NR	Manhattan, Kansas	Midwest
Popp et al. [59]	2021	85	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 56	Cross-sectional	Smartphone App; face to face or phone interview	NR	New York	Northeast
Reid et al. [68]	2014	NR	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 31.7	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	NR	U.S., non-specified	U.S., non-specified
Roe et al. [49]	2020	18	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 50.8	Cross-sectional	Smartphone App: survey	NR	Baton Rouge, Louisiana	Southeast
Schwedhelm et al. [58]	2022	420	NR	Prospective	Questionnaire	Pregnant or postpartum females	North Carolina	Southeast
Shimizu et al. [63]	2010	122	NR	Randomized Controlled Trial	Survey	Undergraduate University Students	Northeast	Northeast
Taetzsch et al. [60]	2021	229	$\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 40.9	Cross-sectional	Questionnaire	Overweight or obese female dependent of active duty or retired military personnel	Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Colorado, and Kentucky	Northeast, West, Southeast
Thomas et al. [59]	2013	490		Cross-sectional	Online survey	NR	Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.	Southeast
Wansink et al. [71]	2010	122	19 to 25	Cross-sectional	Interview	College students	U.S., non-specified	U.S., non-specified
Wansink et al. [55]	2013	NR	NR	Longitudinal	Food Purchase Database	University Students	Ithaca, New York	Northeast
Xu et al. [65]	2013	2333	≥60	Cross-sectional	Survey	NR	Nationwide	Nationwide
Zizza et al. [10]	2010	2056	≥65	Cross-sectional	Survey	Older adults	Nationwide	Nationwide