Table 1.
Alcohol consumption categories and outcomes in 12 publications from 11 cohort studies.
| Author, Country, Year, Age, Sex | Alcohol Consumption (Representative g/Day) |
N | Outcomes | Covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHS [32] | ≤1 drink/week (0.0) | 4259 | eGFR * < 55 | Age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, CVD, smoking, physical activity, parental CVD, RCT assignment |
| USA, 2005 | 2–4 drinks/week (6.0) | 2582 | ||
| Age | 5–6 drinks/week (11.0) | 1474 | ||
| Men | ≥7 drinks/week (16.8) | 2708 | ||
| Yamagata [33] | Never drinkers (0.0) | 88,934 † | eGFR < 60 | Age, BMI, hypertension, IGT, diabetes, TCHO, HDL-C, TG, proteinuria, hematuria, smoking |
| Japan, 2007 | Occasional drinkers (5.0) | 10,036 † | ||
| Age ≥ 40 years | Ethanol < 20 g/day (10.0) | 22,112 † | ||
| Men & women | Ethanol > 20 g/day (24.0) | 2632 † | ||
| ILSA [34] Italy, 2011 Age 65–84 years Men & women |
Abstainers (0.0) | 615 ‡ | eGFR < 60 | Age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, TCHO, hyperlipidemia, fibrinogen, smoking, education level |
| Former | 673 ‡ | |||
| <12 g/day (6.0) | 819 ‡ | |||
| 12–24 g/day (18.0) | 665 ‡ | |||
| 25–47 g/day (36.0) | 413 ‡ | |||
| ≥48 g/day (57.6) | 219 ‡ | |||
| Nagai [35] Japan, 2013 Age ≥40 years Men § |
Non-drinkers (0.0) | 26,232 | Proteinuria ≥ 1+ | Age, BMI, hypertensin, diabetes, TCHO, HDL-C, TG, eGFR, smoking |
| Occasional drinkers (5.0) | 12,019 | |||
| Ethanol <20 g/day (10.0) | 39,135 | |||
| Ethanol >20 g/day (24.0) | 4468 | |||
| Kansai Healthcare [36] Japan, 2014 40–55 years Men |
Non-drinkers (0.0) | 1390 | eGFR < 60 | Age, BMI, SBP, DBP, FPG, smoking, leisure-time physical activity |
| 0.1–23.0 g/day (11.5) | 3914 | |||
| 23.1–46.0 g/day (34.5) | 2895 | |||
| 46.1–69.0 g/day (57.5) | 811 | |||
| ≥69.1 g/day (82.9) | 102 | |||
| PREVEND [37] Netherlands, 2015 Age 28–75 years Men & women |
No/rare drinkers (0.0) | 1285 | UAE > 30 eGFR < 60 |
Age, sex, height, weight, SBP, hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes, TCHO/HDL-C, hyperlipidemia, CVD, smoking, education level, parental CKD |
| <10 g/week (0.7) | 860 | |||
| 10–69.9 g/week (5.7) | 1949 | |||
| 70–210 g/week (20.0) | 1121 | |||
| >210 g/week (36.0) | 261 | |||
| Kansai Healthcare [38] Japan, 2016 Age 40–55 years Men |
Non-drinkers (0.0) | 1397 | Proteinuria ≥ 1+ | Age, BMI, hypertension, FPG, eGFR, smoking, leisure-time physical activity |
| 0.1–23.0 g/day (11.5) | 3929 | |||
| 23.1–46.0 g/day (34.5) | 2909 | |||
| 46.1–69.0 g/day (57.5) | 816 | |||
| ≥69.1 g/day (82.9) | 103 | |||
| Kimura [20] Japan, 2018 Age 40–75 years Men & women |
Rare drinkers (0.0) | 57,042 | Proteinuria ≥ 1+ | Age, BMI, MAP, hypertension, HbA1c, diabetes, HDL-C, dyslipidemia, eGFR, CVD, smoking |
| Occasional drinkers (5.0) | 57,593 | |||
| ≤19 g/d (10.0) | 20,818 | |||
| 20–39 g/day (30.0) | 27,817 | |||
| 40–59 g/day (50.0) | 11,098 | |||
| ≥60 g/day (72.0) | 3204 | |||
| Park [19] Korea, 2019 Age 20–80 years Men & women |
No drinkers (0.0) | 7,245,632 | Proteinuria ≥ 1+ eGFR < 60 |
Age, BMI, SBP, hypertension, FPG, diabetes, HDL-C, TG, eGFR, smoking, regular exercise |
| <10 g/day (5.0) | 3,402,518 | |||
| 10–19.9 g/day (15.0) | 1,623,400 | |||
| 20–39.9 g/day (30.0) | 1,361,836 | |||
| ≥40 g/day (48.0) | 557,492 | |||
| ARIC [39] USA, 2020 Age 45–64 years Men & women |
Never drinkers (0.0) | 3118 | eGFR < 60 with eGFR decline > 30% | Age, sex, race-center, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, eGFR, smoking, physical activity, energy intake, education level, income, health insurance |
| Former drinkers | 2239 | |||
| ≤1 drink/week (1.0) | 2960 | |||
| 2–7 drinks/week (9.0) | 2592 | |||
| 8–14 drinks/week (22.0) | 1029 | |||
| ≥15 drinks/week (36.0) | 754 | |||
| PROMISE [40] | Infrequent drinkers (0.0) | 6199 | Proteinuria ≥ 1+ eGFR < 60 |
Age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, eGFR, smoking |
| Japan, 2021 | <20 g/day (10.0) | 3157 | ||
| Age 20–74 years | 20–39 g/day (30.0) | 1162 | ||
| Men & women | ≥40 g/day (48.0) | 657 | ||
| Tanaka [21] | No (0.0) | 11,369 | Proteinuria ≥ 1+ eGFR < 60 with eGFR decline > 25% |
Age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, CVD, eGFR, smoking |
| Japan, 2022 | <23 g/day (11.5) | 8289 | ||
| Age 20–80 years | 23–46 g/day (34.5) | 5007 | ||
| Men & women | ≥46 g/day (55.2) | 2123 |
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2); FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; MAP, mean arterial pressure; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TCHO, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UAE, urinary albumin excretion (mg/day). * GFR (mL/min) estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. † Including 35,491 men and 71,298 women with eGFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 5521 men and 11,454 women with eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. ‡ Including 886 men and 653 women with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 355 men and 507 women with eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. § Women were excluded from the present meta-analysis because hazard ratio of women with ethanol >20 g/day was not reported in women.