Table 2.
Anthropometric, lifestyle and dietary characteristics of study participants according to tertiles of estimated phytate intake (mg/100 kcal·day).
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <15.0 mg/100 kcal | [15.0–28.4] mg/100 kcal | >28.4 mg/100 kcal | |||||
| Variable | (n = 187) | (n = 187) | (n = 187) | p-Value | |||
| Age, years | 66.3 ± 4.1 | 67.1 ± 3.9 | 66.2 ± 4.1 | 0.062 | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.4 ± 3.5 | 32.5 ± 3.3 a | 33.1 ± 3.8 | 0.046 | |||
| Physical activity, MET•min/week | 1709 ± 1602 | 2389 ± 2153 a | 2331 ± 1738 a | <0.001 | |||
| Menopausal age, years | 48.7 ± 5.6 | 49.4 ± 5.3 | 48.6 ± 6.3 | 0.387 | |||
| Educational level, n (%) | |||||||
| Higher education | 22 | (11.8%) | 20 | (10.8%) | 28 | (15.2%) | 0.341 |
| Technician or secondary education | 43 | (23.1%) | 40 | (21.5%) | 50 | (27.2%) | |
| Primary education or less | 121 | (65.1%) | 126 | (67.7%) | 106 | (57.6%) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||
| Never | 119 | (64.0%) | 132 | (70.6%) | 122 | (65.2%) | 0.126 |
| Former | 44 | (23.7%) | 43 | (23.0%) | 53 | (28.3%) | |
| Current | 23 | (12.4%) | 12 | (6.4%) | 12 | (6.4%) | |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 47 | (25.1%) | 46 | (24.6%) | 48 | (25.7%) | 0.972 |
| Osteporotic fractures, n (%) | 4 | (2.1%) | 5 | (2.7%) | 2 | (1.1%) | 0.523 |
| Nutrients | |||||||
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 2376 ± 520 | 2338 ± 630 | 2250 ± 576 | 0.099 | |||
| Phytate, mg/100 kcal | 9.4 ± 3.2 | 21.1 ± 4.0 a | 40.5 ± 9.8 a,b | <0.001 | |||
| Phytate, mg/day | 225 ± 98 | 490 ± 155 a | 912 ± 331 a,b | <0.001 | |||
| Vitamin D, µg/day | 5.8 ± 3.3 | 6.3 ± 3.3 | 6.6 ± 3.5 | 0.057 | |||
| Calcium, mg/day | 1067 ± 353 | 1084 ± 377 | 1037 ± 366 | 0.454 | |||
| Phosphorous, mg/day | 1731 ± 419 | 1812 ± 479 | 1877 ± 458 a | 0.008 | |||
| Zinc, mg/day | 12.7 ± 3.1 | 13.2 ± 3.4 | 14.1 ± 3.8 a,b | 0.001 | |||
| Glycemic index | 55.5 ± 4.4 | 53.7 ± 5.0 a | 52.4 ± 6.0 a | <0.001 | |||
| Food | |||||||
| Vegetables (g/day) | 300 ± 109 | 344 ± 126 a | 354 ± 131 a | <0.001 | |||
| Fruits (g/day) | 362 ± 217 | 371 ± 238 | 353 ± 180 | 0.701 | |||
| Legumes (g/day) | 18 ± 8 | 21 ± 11 a | 21 ± 13 a | 0.007 | |||
| Cereals (g/day) | 153 ± 81 | 144 ± 78 | 152 ± 78 | 0.520 | |||
| Whole cereals (g/day) | 11 ± 22 | 43 ± 38 a | 123 ± 84 a,b | <0.001 | |||
| Dairy (g/day) | 395 ± 205 | 371 ± 216 | 363 ± 218 | 0.335 | |||
| Meat (g/day) | 159 ± 52 | 154 ± 59 | 140 ± 54 a,b | 0.004 | |||
| Olive oil (g/day) | 45 ± 15 | 42 ± 15 | 40 ± 15 a | 0.007 | |||
| Fish (g/day) | 100 ± 43 | 104 ± 44 | 104 ± 45 | 0.530 | |||
| Nuts (g/day) | 5 ± 8 | 15 ± 15 a | 25 ± 21 a,b | <0.001 | |||
| Pastries and sweets (g/day) | 34 ± 37 | 27 ± 35 a | 21 ± 25 a | 0.001 | |||
Values are expressed as the mean ± SD. The p-value was calculated with ANOVA test using LSD in the post hoc analysis. a: p < 0.05 vs. T1; b: p < 0.05 vs. T2.