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. 2023 Mar 31;15(7):1716. doi: 10.3390/nu15071716

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Home-cage activity, voluntary exercise, and open field test. Digital ventilated cages recorded home-cage activity and voluntary exercise of HFD, HFD + exercise, and HFD + BCAA + exercise mice 24/7 at baseline (chow) and during the consecutive 6 treatment months. In detail, average home-cage activity during (A) daytime and (B) nighttime as well as total running distance on the running wheel during (C) daytime and (D) nighttime were assessed. Moreover, the effect of exercise and exercise in combination with BCAA supplementation on (E) distance and (F) velocity during a 10-min exploration period were analyzed in an open field test at baseline and after 5 months of treatment. High-fat diet (HFD), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001; b: significant difference HFD vs. HFD + BCAA + exercise group, c: significant difference HFD + exercise vs. HFD + BCAA + exercise group.