Table 2.

Association between presentation during the COVID-19 pandemic and PROMIS scores after adjusting for age, Area Deprivation Index, smoking status, and orthopaedic subspeciality

Parameter	ß coefficient	95% CI	p value
Physical Function
Cohort (during COVID-19)	-0.2	-0.43 to 0.03	0.09
Pain Interference
Cohort (during COVID-19)	0.06	-0.13 to 0.25	0.57
Depression
Cohort (during COVID-19)	0.09	-0.14 to 0.33	0.44
Anxiety
Cohort (during COVID-19)	0.58	0.33 to 0.84	< 0.001

The ß coefficient reflects the estimated difference in PROMIS score that would be expected for patients who presented during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with patients who presented before the COVID-19 pandemic, after adjusting for confounding variables. For example, patients who presented to an orthopaedic provider during the COVID-19 pandemic would be expected to have a PROMIS Anxiety score of 0.58 points higher than that of patients who presented before the COVID-19 pandemic. Although this result is statistically significant (p < 0.05), 0.58 points is less than the minimum clinically important difference value of 4 points, and therefore the result is interpreted as not clinically important. The other correlations evaluated in this table—physical function, pain interference, and depression—were neither statistically significant nor clinically important. PROMIS = Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.