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. 2023 Apr 12;14:2059. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37676-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Raman spectra and fitted peak curves of the CN_500, CN_700, CN_800, CN_900, CN_1100, CN_1300, and CN_1500. b Comparison of the A_D/A_G ratio calculated from Raman spectra. c ESR spectra of the different CNs. d Comparison of the calculated ESR signal widths (ΔH_pp) and areas among the different CNs. e Proposed atomic structure variation during the thermal tuning process, illustrating the gradual annulation (resulting in ring structures), N volatilization (resulting in defects), and graphitization (reducing defects and lattice disorder) processes.