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. 2023 Apr 12;14:2077. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37716-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Fluorescence micrographs of calcium transients showing the regions of interest in LVD (a) and control (b) tissues. Quantification of calcium transients in LVD (c) and control (d) after 5 days of culture (separate regions of interest are represented in different colors). AU indicates arbitrary units. e The quantification of time to peak of calcium transient correspondingly. n = 3 independent samples. f The quantification of beating rate in spontaneously beating LVD and control tissues. n = 3 independent samples. g Schematic of customized in situ electrical recording/stimulation system. h Representative field potentials recorded from the 2-day-old LVD tissue by the two integrated microelectrodes with the distance gap of 10 mm. i Electrophysiological data collected in the LVD (top row) and control (bottom row) tissues. n = 3 independent samples. j Local field potential change before and after the addition of isoproterenol (5 μM). k Fluorescence micrograph of calcium transients showing the regions of interest in LVD tissue under electrical stimulation. l Quantification of calcium transients (as quantified through normalized fluorescence intensity) with a 10 V, 50 ms, 1 Hz, and 2 Hz pacing regime (separate regions of interest are represented in different colors). Data are represented as mean values ± standard deviation. The significant difference is determined by unpaired two-tailed t-test, 95% confidence interval. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.