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. 2023 Apr 12;14:2077. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37716-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Bright-field image of LVD tissue in microchannels after 2 days of culture. b Quantification of beating rate of LVD tissue at different time points. n = 3 independent samples. c SEM image of LVD tissue in microchannel after 17 days of culture. Inset: a higher-magnification image of LVD bundle. d–f Contractile motion tracking of beating LVD tissues in microchannels. d Representative frame overlayed with the respective motion vectors. Inset: higher-magnification image showing the motion vectors of LVD tissue. e Heat map of localized mean contraction velocities. f Maximum contraction velocities of beating LVD tissues at different time points. n = 3 independent samples. Sarcomeric structures/CX43 and CTNT staining of cellular bundles (left row) and their higher-magnification view (right row) in LVD tissues after 3 days (g) and 17 days (h) of culture, compared with that in control tissues after 17 days (i) of culture. j Quantitative analysis of sarcomeric length in LVD tissues. n = 3 independent samples. k Relative gene expression in 3-day-old vs. 17-day-old LVD-human cardiac tissues. Data are represented as mean values ± standard deviation. The significant difference is determined by unpaired two-tailed t-test, 95% confidence interval. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ns (p > 0.05) no significant difference.