Fig. 4.

The advantages of PDX over other models. a PDX could preserve the genetic landscape, morphology and phenotype of the parental tumor. b PDX could maintain tumor heterogeneity and specific traits of metastases. c The realization of cancer-immune interaction in humanized PDX: human immune system tends to be educated by tumor and exhibits an exhausted status over time, and tumors maintain evolution and heterogeneity to survive with upregulated immunosuppressive molecules and decreased production of human pro-inflammatory cytokines. d PDX could reproduce the drug response observed in patients