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. 2023 Mar 30;10:958452. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.958452

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© 2023 Gault, Hosokawa, Kramer, Saks, Appelbaum, Thompson, Olincy, Cascella, Sawa, Goodman, Moukaddam, Sheth, Anderson and Davis.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pipelines of surgical data collection and analysis. (A) Cohorts were generated by database queries that included having a surgical procedure and diagnoses of interest (both were the index event). Matching occurred between factors occurring 90 days to the day of surgery. The postsurgical outcomes were analyzed at 1 month and 1 year. (B) Surgical outcomes of subjects diagnosed with either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ/SAD) were compared with subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD). The SZ/SAD and PD cohorts were matched for surgical risk factors and type of surgical procedures. (C) Subjects with a PD, essential tremor, dystonia, or epilepsy diagnosis were split into two cohorts, one with neurostimulation surgical procedures or with all other surgeries combined. Cohorts were matched for presurgical factors and diagnoses to determine the relative frequencies of postsurgical morbidity and mortality. (D) Matched analyses of DBS postsurgical (after 1-month and 1- year) morbidity and mortality outcomes in PD, epilepsy, essential tremor, and dystonia where compared. (E) The frequencies of surgery, presurgical factors and postsurgical outcomes were tabulated for 21 unmatched diagnostic cohorts and 3 controls cohorts.