Table 1.
General characteristics of the included studies.
| References | country | Study design | Participants | Diagnostic criteria/tool of dental caries | Calibration of caries diagnosis | Assay method and unit of measurement of CA VI | Saliva sample (S/US), and/or other source | Other outcomes measured | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All number age (mean) M/F | Cases number age (mean) M/F | Controls number age (mean) M/F | Comments | ||||||||
| Frasseto et al. (2012) | Brazil | Cross sectional (NR) |
30 (45.3–80.3) months |
17 (62.88 ± 17.5) months M/F = 7/10 |
13 (57.2 ± 87.2) months M/F = 8/5 |
Healthy | dmfs | One examiner (intraexaminer) |
Activity: Zymography (Pixels area) |
Stimulated saliva | Dental biofilm pH, salivary flow rate |
| Cardoso et al. (2017) | Brazil | Follow‐up |
22 11–22 (14.8 ± 2.9) years M/F = 10/12 |
9 (developed caries after 6 months of follow‐up) |
13 (remained caries free after 6 months of follow‐up) |
Healthy underwent orthodontic treatment | Nyvad's caries detection criteria | One examiner (intraexaminer) |
Activity: Zymography (Pixels area) |
Stimulated saliva | Salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity |
| Kormi et al. (2020) | Saudi Arabia | Cross sectional (NR) |
80 6–8 (6.77 ± 2.1) years M/F = 46/34 |
Healthy + caries = 20 Asthma + caries = 20 |
Healthy + no caries = 20 Asthma + no caries = 20 |
Healthy and asthmatic children | dft/DMFT | NR | Zymographic method using a Human CA VI ELISA kit | Unstimulated saliva | Salivary pH |
| Kivelä et al. (1999) | Finland (Not explicitly reported) | Cross sectional (NR) |
209 18–24 years (19.8) All males |
Low CA VI = 66 Medium CA VI = 83 High CA VI = 60 |
DMFT | One examiner (reliability not reported) | Specific time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay | Stimulated saliva | Saliva secretion rate, pH, buffering capacity, microbial test, and amylase activity | ||
| de‐Sousa et al. (2021a) | Brazil | Cross sectional |
44 4–5 years M/F ‐ |
22 (4.59 ± 0.50) years M/F = 18/4 |
22 (4.55 ± 0.60) years M/F = 7/15 |
Healthy | dmfs + the diagnosis of active white spot lesion | One examiner (intra and inter examiner) |
Activity: Zymography (Pixels area) |
Stimulated saliva and dental biofilm | Salivary pH, and buffering capacity. Dental biofilm pH, and buffering capacity |
| Picco et al. (2019) | Brazil | Cross sectional |
74 7–9 years M/F ‐ |
34 7–9 years M/F ‐ |
33 7–9 years M/F ‐ |
Healthy | DMFT | One examiner (intraexaminer) |
Activity: (pixels area) Concentration: Elisa (ng/µL) |
Dental biofilm | Dental biofilm pH |
| Borghi et al. (2017) | Brazil | Longitudinal study (cross sectional in relation to CA VI data) |
100 24–48 months female (44.6%) and of ethnicity not White (54.5%) |
45 24–48 months M/F ‐ |
55 24–48 months M/F ‐ |
Healthy |
dmfs dmft |
One examiner (intraexaminer) |
Activity: Zymography (pixels area) |
Unstimulated saliva | alpha amylase activity and dental biofilm |
| Picco et al. (2017) | Brazil | Cross sectional |
74 7–9 years M/F ‐ |
37 7–9 years M/F ‐ |
37 7–9 years M/F ‐ |
Healthy | DMFT | One examiner (intraexaminer) |
Activity: Zymography (pixels area) Concentration: Elisa (ng/µL) |
Stimulated saliva | Salivary pH, buffering capacity and flow rate |
| de‐Sousa et al. (2021b) | Brazil | Observational and cross‐sectional research |
Study (1) 54 Study (2) 46 4–5 years M/F ‐ |
Study (1) 27 4.61 (0.63) years M/F = 1.54/1.0 Study (2) 23 4.55 (0.60) years M/F = 0.69/1:0 |
Study (1) 27 4.61(0.57) years M/F = 1.33/1.0 Study (2) 23 4.59 (0.50) years M/F = 1.75/1.0 |
Healthy | dmfs | One examiner (Intra‐ and inter examiner) | Activity: Zymography (Pixels/mg) |
Study (1) Stimulated saliva Study (2) Dental biofilm |
Salivary pH, buffering capacity and flow rate & dental biofilm pH, and buffering capacity |
Abbreviations: CA VI, carbonic anhydrase VI; dft, decay and filled for deciduous teeth; dmfs, the decayed, missing and filled surfaces for deciduous teeth; dmft/DMFT, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth, related to deciduous/permanent tooth caries, respectively; F, females; M, males; NR, not reported numerically; SD, standard deviation.