Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics according to body mass index categories
| Baseline characteristics | <20 kg/m2 (n = 180) | 20 to <25 kg/m2 (n = 1038) | 25 to <30 kg/m2 (n = 1345) | 30 to <35 kg/m2 (n = 774) | ≥35 kg/m2 (n = 393) | p‐value for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 67.5 ± 13.2 | 67.9 ± 11.1 | 67.6 ± 10.6 | 65.4 ± 10.5 | 64.0 ± 11.7 | <0.0001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 118 (65.6) | 798 (76.9) | 1064 (79.1) | 592 (76.5) | 265 (67.4) | 0.2824 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| White | 68 (37.8) | 570 (54.9) | 1018 (75.7) | 643 (83.1) | 330 (84.0) | |
| Black‐African‐American | 8 (4.4) | 72 (6.9) | 96 (7.1) | 48 (6.2) | 33 (8.4) | |
| Asian | 94 (52.2) | 348 (33.5) | 173 (12.9) | 45 (5.8) | 12 (3.1) | |
| Region, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| North America | 14 (7.8) | 77 (7.4) | 159 (11.8) | 104 (13.4) | 71 (18.1) | |
| Latin America | 47 (26.1) | 343 (33.0) | 472 (35.1) | 279 (36.0) | 145 (36.9) | |
| Europe | 28 (15.6) | 278 (26.8) | 539 (40.1) | 343 (44.3) | 165 (42.0) | |
| Asia | 65 (36.1) | 266 (25.6) | 121 (9.0) | 32 (4.1) | 9 (2.3) | |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 65.3 ± 23.8 | 62.5 ± 21.4 | 61.2 ± 21.1 | 62.0 ± 21.5 | 62.2 ± 22.9 | 0.2205 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.15 ± 1.09 | 6.43 ± 1.41 | 6.48 ± 1.30 | 6.82 ± 1.56 | 6.83 ± 1.49 | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 18.6 ± 1.2 | 22.9 ± 1.4 | 27.4 ± 1.4 | 32.2 ± 1.4 | 38.3 ± 2.9 | |
| Haemoglobin, g/dl | 127.8 ± 17.5 | 134.7 ± 15.6 | 137.9 ± 15.7 | 139.4 ± 16.6 | 139.1 ± 17.4 | <0.0001 |
| KCCQ‐CSS | 75.19 ± 20.05 | 73.82 ± 21.21 | 71.57 ± 21.60 | 67.59 ± 22.43 | 63.75 ± 22.57 | <0.0001 |
| Lipid levels, mg/dl | ||||||
| Total cholesterol | 161.8 ± 40.9 | 157.4 ± 42.3 | 157.7 ± 41.0 | 156.9 ± 42.6 | 154.6 ± 42.8 | 0.1670 |
| LDL | 83.8 ± 31.7 | 83.7 ± 34.9 | 84.4 ± 34.3 | 83.1 ± 35.0 | 81.3 ± 34.7 | 0.3543 |
| HDL | 55.7 ± 18.0 | 49.3 ± 14.4 | 46.4 ± 13.3 | 44.5 ± 12.8 | 42.8 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides | 110.9 ± 63.1 | 123.5 ± 71.9 | 139.3 ± 110.8 | 150.2 ± 93.7 | 157.3 ± 106.8 | <0.0001 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| HHF last 12 months, n (%) | 58 (32.2) | 329 (31.7) | 394 (29.3) | 234 (30.2) | 136 (34.6) | 0.8824 |
| DM at baseline, n (%) | 56 (31.1) | 447 (43.1) | 661 (49.1) | 452 (58.4) | 240 (61.1) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation a , n (%) | 58 (32.2) | 345 (33.2) | 488 (36.3) | 308 (39.8) | 170 (43.3) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 119.1 ± 15.0 | 119.0 ± 15.1 | 122.2 ± 15.7 | 124.2 ± 15.6 | 126.2 ± 15.5 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 71.6 ± 10.9 | 72.0 ± 10.7 | 73.9 ± 10.6 | 75.1 ± 10.6 | 77.4 ± 10.7 | <0.0001 |
| LVEF, % | 27.5 ± 6.3 | 27.4 ± 6.2 | 27.5 ± 6.0 | 27.6 ± 5.8 | 27.3 ± 6.2 | 0.9405 |
| NYHA class III/IV, n (%) | 43 (23.9) | 228 (22.0) | 297 (22.1) | 221 (28.6) | 141 (35.9) | <0.0001 |
| Volume overload with evidence of oedema or organ congestion, n (%) | 21 (11.7) | 124 (11.9) | 185 (13.8) | 127 (16.4) | 89 (22.6) | <0.0001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 23 (12.8) | 115 (11.1) | 150 (11.2) | 96 (12.4) | 59 (15.0) | 0.1183 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 14 (7.8) | 85 (8.2) | 91 (6.8) | 53 (6.8) | 18 (4.6) | 0.0349 |
| Heart failure treatment, n (%) | ||||||
| ICD or CRT‐D b | 30 (16.7) | 255 (24.6) | 453 (33.7) | 288 (37.2) | 144 (36.6) | <0.0001 |
| CRT‐D or CRT‐P c | 12 (6.7) | 106 (10.2) | 173 (12.9) | 91 (11.8) | 56 (14.2) | 0.0111 |
| Use of ACEi or ARB d | 114 (63.3) | 695 (67.0) | 953 (70.9) | 565 (73.0) | 273 (69.5) | 0.0055 |
| Use of ARNI | 27 (15.0) | 186 (17.9) | 272 (20.2) | 154 (19.9) | 88 (22.4) | 0.0254 |
| MRA | 130 (72.2) | 721 (69.5) | 944 (70.2) | 561 (72.5) | 305 (77.6) | 0.0144 |
| Diuretics other than MRA | 153 (85.0) | 881 (84.9) | 1163 (86.5) | 693 (89.5) | 358 (91.1) | 0.0002 |
| Beta‐blocker | 156 (86.7) | 972 (93.6) | 1283 (95.4) | 744 (96.1) | 378 (96.2) | <0.0001 |
Values are given as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated.
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT‐D, cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillation; CRT‐P, cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HHF, hospitalization for heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; KCCQ‐CSS, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire clinical summary score; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
Atrial fibrillation reported in any ECG before treatment intake or history of atrial fibrillation reported as medical history.
ICD with or without cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without a defibrillator.
Excluding valsartan when taken with sacubitril because sacubitril/valsartan is shown as ARNI.