Table 1.
Objective Measures performed in the reviewed articles, type of analysis, and instrumentation employed.
| Measures | Parameters | Intrumentation | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac A. | HR 1; HRV (temporal, frequency and nonlinear features); Frequency bands; blood pressure. | Single-lead ECG; Chest strap; PPG. | ST articles: [30,31,32,33,34,36,38,39,44,45,48,49,52,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]; RF articles: [69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76] |
| Resp. | Breathing rate, lung capacity, and blood saturation. | Spirometer; pulse oximeter; resistive sensors. | ST articles: [31,44,59,61]; RF articles: [70,71,73,74] |
| Cerebral A. | Frequency bands, ERPs, reaction time | EEG; NIRS. | ST articles: [31,41,42,43,45,48,50,51,60,61,62]; RF articles: [68,70,71,73]. |
| EDA | Mean tonic activity; mean phasic activity; rate of responses in time. | Wireless skin conductance sensor; Electrodes and amplifiers acquisition system for bioelectrical signals. | ST articles: [31,44,54,59,61]; RF articles: [76]. |
| Temp. | Temporal and frequency features. | Infrared thermometers, skin temperature sensors. | ST articles: [59]; RF articles: [70,71,73,76]. |
| Eye | Pupillometry (pupil diameter); mean blinking rate and duration; mean fixation rate and time; mean saccade rate and time. | Head-mounted tracker. | ST articles: [29,31,43,47,48,58,61]; RF articles: [74]. |
| Lab. | Blood: white blood cells count, endocannabinoids and lactate concentrations; Saliva: Cortisol; Urine: hydration level (color), proteins, glucose, noradrenaline, pH, and specific gravity. | Multiple laboratory techniques. | ST articles: [40]; RF articles: [70,71,73]. |
| Strength | Temporal and frequency features. | EMG. | ST articles: [59]; RF articles: [70,71,73]. |
| Voice | Frequency bands; Pitch frequency. | Microphone. | ST articles: [52]. |
1 HR: Heart Rate; HRV: Heart Rate Variability; ECG: Electrocardiography; PPG: Photopletophismography; EMG: Electromyography; EEG: Electroencephalography; ERP: Event-Related Potential; NIRS: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy; ST articles: articles presenting with a simulated flight task; RF articles: articles presenting with a real flight task.