Table. Risk of Drug Overdose Death Among Adults Who Live Alone or With Others Stratified by Sociodemographic Characteristica.
| Characteristic | No. of persons | Drug overdose deaths per 100 000 person-years | aHR for living alone vs with othersb (95% CI) | Interaction termc P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total adults (95% CI) | Adults living alone (95% CI) | Adults living with others (95% CI) | ||||
| Total | 3 309 000 | 10.56 (10.23-10.90) | 11.84 (10.88-12.86) | 10.37 (10.02-10.73) | 1.42 (1.30-1.56) | NA |
| Age range, y | ||||||
| 18-29 | 574 000 | 16.37 (15.50-17.27) | 13.58 (10.77-16.89) | 16.59 (15.68-17.54) | 0.73 (0.58-0.91) | Reference |
| 30-49 | 1 158 000 | 12.61 (12.03-13.21) | 19.52 (17.29-21.96) | 11.84 (11.25-12.45) | 1.49 (1.31-1.70) | <.001 |
| ≥50 | 1 576 000 | 5.08 (4.71-5.47) | 7.48 (6.49-8.58) | 4.48 (4.10-4.90) | 1.77 (1.49-2.09) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 566 000 | 14.36 (13.80-14.93) | 17.73 (15.99-19.61) | 13.88 (13.30-14.49) | 1.45 (1.30-1.61) | .82 |
| Female | 1 743 000 | 7.04 (6.66-7.43) | 7.03 (6.05-8.12) | 7.04 (6.63-7.46) | 1.34 (1.14-1.57) | Reference |
| Race and ethnicityd | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | ||||||
| Black | 279 000 | 9.08 (8.17-10.05) | 10.11 (7.85-12.83) | 8.87 (7.90-9.94) | 1.19 (0.91-1.55) | .26 |
| White | 2 499 500 | 12.19 (11.76-12.64) | 12.00 (10.88-13.20) | 12.22 (11.76-12.71) | 1.33 (1.20-1.47) | Reference |
| Hispanic | 198 000 | 5.81 (5.17-6.52) | 10.56 (7.46-14.52) | 5.45 (4.80-6.17) | 2.21 (1.57-3.11) | <.001 |
| Other non-Hispanic | 332 000 | 6.29 (5.32-7.39) | 16.55 (11.63-22.85) | 5.23 (4.31-6.30) | 3.44 (2.37-4.99) | <.001 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1 965 500 | 5.14 (4.83-5.47) | 9.01 (5.37-14.20) | 5.10 (4.79-5.43) | 2.05 (1.29-3.25) | <.001 |
| Separated/divorced | 413 000 | 18.60 (17.40-19.86) | 14.88 (13.11-16.83) | 20.65 (19.08-22.31) | 0.80 (0.69-0.93) | .10 |
| Widowed | 231 000 | 4.85 (3.88-5.99) | 3.44 (2.40-4.79) | 6.71 (5.00-8.80) | 1.28 (0.77-2.12) | .49 |
| Never married | 699 000 | 18.56 (17.72-19.44) | 13.96 (12.30-15.79) | 19.62 (18.66-20.62) | 0.61 (0.53-0.70) | Reference |
| Employment | ||||||
| Employed | 2 091 000 | 7.97 (7.62-8.33) | 9.48 (8.40-10.67) | 7.77 (7.40-8.15) | 1.35 (1.19-1.53) | Reference |
| Unemployed | ||||||
| <65 y | 658 000 | 23.79 (22.71-24.90) | 36.58 (32.32-41.25) | 22.45 (21.35-23.59) | 1.59 (1.39-1.82) | <.001 |
| ≥65 y | 559 000 | 0.86 (0.60-1.20) | 1.83 (1.12-2.81) | 0.49 (0.27-0.82) | 5.83 (2.78-12.24) | <.001 |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Less than high school | 445 000 | 15.20 (14.15-16.31) | 15.85 (12.86-19.34) | 15.11 (14.00-16.29) | 1.59 (1.27-2.00) | .11 |
| High school/GED | 966 000 | 14.39 (13.66-15.14) | 14.59 (12.55-16.85) | 14.36 (13.58-15.17) | 1.45 (1.24-1.70) | .05 |
| Some college/associate degree | 1 003 000 | 11.30 (10.68-11.94) | 14.75 (12.83-16.88) | 10.79 (10.15-11.46) | 1.65 (1.42-1.91) | .41 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 895 000 | 3.17 (2.82-3.54) | 4.85 (3.79-6.13) | 2.87 (2.51-3.26) | 1.74 (1.33-2.27) | Reference |
| Annual income, $ | ||||||
| 0-40 000 (Loss) | 1 028 000 | 15.83 (15.09-16.59) | 14.52 (13.2-15.93) | 16.34 (15.46-17.25) | 1.01 (0.91-1.13) | .04 |
| 40 001-75 000 | 968 000 | 9.99 (9.39-10.61) | 6.63 (5.2-8.33) | 10.39 (9.74-11.06) | 0.69 (0.54-0.88) | <.001 |
| 75 001-125 000 | 791 000 | 7.41 (6.85-8.00) | 6.04 (3.87-8.99) | 7.47 (6.9-8.09) | 1.05 (0.7-1.58) | .03 |
| >125 000 | 522 000 | 6.29 (5.66-6.97) | 10.46 (6.07-16.79) | 6.17 (5.54-6.86) | 2.32 (1.43-3.77) | Reference |
| Geographic residence | ||||||
| Urban | 2 258 000 | 11.18 (10.79-11.58) | 12.58 (12.86-13.74) | 10.95 (10.53-11.38) | 1.37 (1.25-1.51) | .52 |
| Rural | 1 050 000 | 8.55 (7.94-9.20) | 8.37 (12.55-10.58) | 8.57 (7.92-9.25) | 1.38 (1.08-1.77) | Reference |
| Region | ||||||
| Northeast | 630 000 | 11.56 (10.76-12.41) | 13.22 (10.95-15.82) | 11.30 (10.45-12.20) | 1.76 (1.44-2.16) | .02 |
| Midwest | 898 000 | 11.04 (10.32-11.80) | 11.16 (9.29-13.30) | 11.02 (10.24-11.84) | 1.28 (1.06-1.55) | <.001 |
| South | 1 095 000 | 10.64 (10.09-11.22) | 9.76 (8.35-11.34) | 10.78 (10.18-11.40) | 1.14 (0.97-1.33) | <.001 |
| West | 686 000 | 9.21 (8.58-9.88) | 14.98 (12.67-17.58) | 8.44 (7.79-9.13) | 1.89 (1.57-2.26) | Reference |
| Functional disabilitye | ||||||
| Present | 512 000 | 25.34 (23.88-26.86) | 25.29 (22.25-28.62) | 25.35 (23.70-27.08) | 1.58 (1.37-1.83) | Reference |
| Absent | 2 797 000 | 8.48 (8.16-8.80) | 8.29 (7.39-9.26) | 8.50 (8.16-8.85) | 1.18 (1.05-1.32) | .23 |
Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; GED, general educational development; NA, not applicable.
a
Limited to adults aged 18 years or older; excludes respondents living in group quarters.
b
Adjusted for age, sex, and race and ethnicity.
c
Group × living alone.
d
Race and ethnicity were classified based on self-identification from options predetermined by the American Community Survey.
e
Functional disability defined as self-reported serious difficulties with 1 of the following: hearing, vision, concentrating, remembering, making decisions, walking or climbing stairs, dressing or bathing, or independent living.