Figure 13.

a) Synthesis of a [2]rotaxane R5(n) ⁴⁺ by radical templation and a click stoppering approach. b) Synthesis of a homo[2]catenane C8 ⁸⁺ by radical templation and S_N2 cyclization. The formation of C8 ⁸⁺ proceeds through intermediate redox states—namely, C8 ⁴⁽⋅⁺⁾, C8 ²⋅⁶⁺, and C8⋅⁷⁺. All the MIMs are positively charged and supported by the requisite number of PF₆ ⁻ counterions.