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. 2023 Apr 12;21:143. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-02843-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Traits suggestively causally affected by anti-VZV IgG levels using IVs inside or outside the MHC region. Listed are traits with suggestive statistical evidence (P < 0.05) in at least three Mendelian randomization (MR) methods, using instrumental variables inside the MHC region (IV_mhc) (left panel) or outside the MHC region (IV_no.mhc) (right panel). Odds ratio (A, horizontal axis), for a binary case/control trait, represents the estimated odds ratio when the anti-VZV IgG levels increase by 9 times. Beta value (B, horizontal axis), for a continuous trait, represents the estimated change in the tested trait when the anti-VZV IgG levels increase by 9 times. Except for disorders of lens and senile cataract, the causal estimates of other traits with the exposure are in the opposite directions between IV_mhc and IV_no.mhc