Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Year | Study design | Age | Male% | Sample size | MetS | Country | Follow up (months) | Criteria for the definition of MetS | NOS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selection | Comparability | Outcome | ||||||||||
| Akinyemiju 14 | 2018 | Cross‐sectional | — | — | 152 952 | 10 543 | USA | 0.0 | ATP III | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ |
| Anderson 15 | 2016 | Retrospective | 64.1 (10.3) | 67.0% | 102 | 6 | USA | 0.0 | ATP III | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆ | ⋆ |
| Bhome 16 | 2021 | Prospective | 72.4 (25–93) | 59.0% | 1066 | 177 | UK | 50.0 | Self‐defined | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Cespedes Feliciano 17 | 2016 | Prospective | 64 (11) | 51.0% | 2446 | 897 | USA | 72.0 | ATP III | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Chen 18 | 2018 | Retrospective | 51.8 (12.6) | 100.0% | 838 | 215 | China | 60.0 | The Diabetes Society of Chinese Medical Association | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Colangelo 19 | 2002 | Retrospective | 40.0 (12.5) | 57.4% | 35 582 | — | USA | 314.4 | Self‐defined | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Croft 20 | 2019 | Retrospective | 68.9 | — | 142 | 53 | Canada | 59.6 | Self‐defined | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Feng 21 | 2021 | Retrospective | 59 | 55.3% | 2046 | 682 | China | 92.0 | IDF | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ |
| Feng 22 | 2021 | Retrospective | 65 (60–74) | 60.7% | 1271 | 201 | China | 24 | Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS, 2004) | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Goulart 2 | 2017 | Prospective | 67.9 (12.9) | — | 134 | 46 | Portugal | 1.0 | ATP III | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆ | ⋆⋆ |
| Lohsiriwat 23 | 2010 | Prospective | 61 (29–91) | 56.1% | 114 | 42 | Thailand | 1.0 | 2005AHA/NHLBI | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆ | ⋆⋆ |
| Matthews 24 | 2010 | Prospective | 47.2 ± 9.8 | 100.0% | 33 230 | 9268 | USA | 172.8 | ATP III | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Ottaiano 25 | 2016 | Prospective | 31–78 | 47.1% | 102 | — | Italy | 46.0 | ATP III | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Peng 26 | 2016 | Prospective | 56 (45, 67) | 58.3% | 1318 | 213 | China | 58.6 | The Diabetes Society of Chinese Medical Association | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Reed 27 | 2019 | Retrospective | 70.1 | 66.4% | 122 | 43 | Canada | 72.0 | Self‐defined | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Shariq 28 | 2019 | Retrospective | 65.5 ± 13.5 | — | 91 566 | 7603 | USA | 1.0 | A modification of the NCEP‐ATP III | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ |
| Shen 8 | 2010 | Retrospective | 64.13 | — | 507 | 179 | China | 45.1 | Self‐defined | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Silva 29 | 2021 | Retrospective | 70 (12) | 58.3% | 168 | 85 | Portugal | 60 | The Harmonized Criteria | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Trevisan 30 | 2001 | Retrospective | 20–69 | 57.1% | 37 302 | 1174 | Italy | 84.0 | Self‐defined | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Yang 31 | 2013 | Retrospective | 77.1 (6.5) | 42.6% | 36 079 | 7024 | USA | 60.0 | ATP III | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| You 32 | 2015 | Retrospective | 68.8 ± 10.8 | 56.6% | 1069 | 221 | China | 59.6 | The Diabetes Society of Chinese Medical Association | ⋆⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆ | ⋆⋆⋆ |
| Zarzavadjian Le Bian 9 | 2018 | Prospective | 70 (51–88) | 68.2% | 1236 | 85 | France | 3.0 | ATP III | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆ | ⋆⋆ |
| Zhou 33 | 2020 | Retrospective | 65 (16) | 61.4% | 381 | 153 | China | 1.0 | AHA/NHLBI | ⋆⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ | ⋆⋆ |
| Total 23 studies | 399 773 | 38 910 | ||||||||||
MetS, metabolic syndrome; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.