Table 2.
Clinical presentation, blood examinations, and monitoring stratified according to the SCAI classification
| Admission updated SCAI shock stages | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall N = 237 a | B N = 20 a | C N = 131 a | D N = 61 a | E N = 25 a | p Value b |
| Clinical presentation | ||||||
| Cardiac arrest | 47 (31%) | 0 (0%) | 16 (21%) | 16 (33%) | 15 (79%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory profile on admission | ||||||
| Lactate (nmol/L) | 2.8 (1.8−5.9) | 1.2 (0.9−1.6) | 2.7 (1.8−4.7) | 3.3 (2.2−7.1) | 11.7 (4.9−16.0) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.9 (0.5−1.5) | 1.0 (0.6−1.2) | 1.0 (0.6−1.7) | 0.8 (0.5−1.9) | 0.5 (0.3−1.0) | 0.36 |
| AST (U/L) | 113.0 (31.5−426.5) | 37.5 (23.8−126.8) | 116.5 (27.0−336.2) | 88.0 (34.8−435.5) | 509.0 (142.0−1394.0) | 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 73.0 (27.0−220.0) | 40.0 (24.0−66.0) | 64.0 (25.0−176.0) | 79.0 (35.0−203.0) | 400.0 (157.0–1314.0) | <0.001 |
| INR | 1.3 (1.2−1.9) | 1.2 (1.1−1.7) | 1.3 (1.2−1.8) | 1.3 (1.2−1.9) | 1.5 (1.2–2.2) | 0.39 |
| eGFR (ml/min) | 55.0 (34.0−79.0) | 82.0 (54.5−96.5) | 55.0 (33.5−79.5) | 47.0 (29.5−64.8) | 62.5 (42.5–81.8) | 0.003 |
| NT‐proBNP (ng/l) | 8690.5 (4491.5−21,365.2) | 8,423.0 (5823.5−10,021.5) | 8,674.0 (4223.0−19,546.0) | 9,178.0 (3112.0−22,276.0) | 26,823.0 (26,823.0−26,823.0) | 0.65 |
| BNP (ng/l) | 530.0 (196.0−1651.0) | 334.0 (169.5−697.5) | 1,089.0 (491.0−2015.0) | 412.0 (175.8−571.0) | 38.0 (16.0−429.5) | 0.058 |
| Glycemia (mg/dl) | 164.5 (131.2,234.8) | 154.5 (130.0−200.5) | 160.0 (133.0−204.5) | 186.0 (135.2−263.8) | 208.0 (118.0−284.0) | 0.15 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 126.0 (106.5−144.0) | 130.0 (112.5−144.5) | 126.5 (108.0−144.0) | 126.0 (106.0−144.0) | 109.0 (101.0−135.0) | 0.20 |
| Platelet count (103/mm3) | 223.0 (166.0−284.5) | 236.0 (180.0−296.5) | 233.0 (174.2−292.5) | 212.0 (176.0−263.0) | 176.0 (132.0−216.0) | 0.042 |
| WBC count (103/mm3) | 12.9 (9.0−17.2) | 8.9 (8.2−15.4) | 12.4 (9.3−16.2) | 14.2 (9.0−19.4) | 14.7 (10.4,17.1) | 0.31 |
| CRP (mg/dl) | 4.0 (1.1−11.2) | 3.4 (1.1−6.2) | 4.9 (1.5−11.4) | 4.5 (1.4−17.3) | 0.6 (0.2−2.1) | 0.77 |
| SOFA score | 7.0 (4.0−9.0) | 4.0 (3.0−4.0) | 6.0 (4.0−8.8) | 8.5 (7.0−10.0) | 8.0 (7.0−11.2) | <0.001 |
| SAPS | 45.0 (34.0−58.0) | 32.0 (24.0−41.2) | 42.0 (31.0−53.0) | 54.5 (40.8−62.2) | 62.0 (45.0−71.5) | 0.014 |
| Invasive monitoring | ||||||
| Arterial pressure | 227 (97%) | 19 (95%) | 125 (96%) | 58 (98%) | 25 (100%) | 0.64 |
| Central venous line | 210 (90%) | 19 (95%) | 116 (89%) | 52 (88%) | 23 (92%) | 0.90 |
| Pulmonary artery catheter | 42 (18%) | 7 (35%) | 26 (20%) | 8 (14%) | 1 (4.0%) | 0.038 |
| Hemodynamic findings on admission | ||||||
| MAP (mmHg) | 70.0 (60.5−78.0) | 70.0 (62.0−77.8) | 70.0 (63.0−78.0) | 70.5 (63.0−83.0) | 57.5 (47.8,70.0) | 0.003 |
| SAP (mmHg) | 93.0 (82.0−110.0) | 89.0 (83.8−105.5) | 95.0 (85.0−110.0) | 98.0 (84.2−117.5) | 78.0 (60.0−100.0) | 0.006 |
| HR (bpm) | 90.0 (75.0−110.0) | 85.0 (74.5−94.5) | 90.0 (75.0,110.0) | 96.0 (75.0,114.5) | 96.0 (83.0,110.0) | 0.43 |
| CVP (mmHg) | 12.0 (8.0−17.0) | 11.0 (9.0−15.0) | 12.0 (7.0−16.5) | 14.0 (10.0−17.0) | 14.0 (11.0−19.0) | 0.16 |
| ScvO2 (%) | 61.0 (47.0−71.0) | 58.6 (44.5−69.3) | 60.1 (45.0−70.0) | 68.0 (47.3−72.0) | 59.0 (54.2−71.4) | 0.56 |
| CI (L/min/m2) | 2.0 (1.6−2.3) | 2.1 (1.5−2.5) | 2.0 (1.7−2.4) | 1.9 (1.7−2.1) | 2.3 (2.3−2.3) | 0.95 |
| PAPm (mmHg) | 28.0 (25.0−35.0) | 34.0 (30.5−38.0) | 26.5 (22.8−31.2) | 29.0 (28.0−35.0) | 25.0 (25.0−25.0) | 0.91 |
| PCWP (mmHg) | 21.0 (14.0−25.0) | 20.0 (15.0−28.0) | 21.0 (11.0−25.0) | 22.0 (18.8−24.5) | 18.0 (18.0−18.0) | 0.89 |
| Echocardiographic findings on admission | ||||||
| LVEF (%) | 20.0 (16.0−30.0) | 20.0 (15.0−33.0) | 20.0 (18.0−28.0) | 22.5 (15.0−35.2) | 26.5 (19.2−33.0) | 0.71 |
| LVEDV (ml) | 163.5 (122.0−223.8) | 190.0 (134.8−245.0) | 167.5 (130.2−226.5) | 121.0 (88.5−208.0) | 145.0 (142.5−182.5) | 0.87 |
| MR | 0.25 | |||||
| None | 15 (8.4%) | 1 (5.6%) | 7 (6.4%) | 6 (15%) | 1 (10%) | |
| 1+/4+ | 52 (29%) | 3 (17%) | 33 (30%) | 11 (27%) | 5 (50%) | |
| 2+/4+ | 36 (20%) | 2 (11%) | 23 (21%) | 11 (27%) | 0 (0%) | |
| 3+/4+ | 35 (20%) | 5 (28%) | 21 (19%) | 8 (20%) | 1 (10%) | |
| 4+/4+ | 40 (22%) | 7 (39%) | 25 (23%) | 5 (12%) | 3 (30%) | |
| AR | 0.89 | |||||
| None | 114 (67%) | 14 (78%) | 67 (63%) | 26 (67%) | 7 (88%) | |
| 1+/4+ | 32 (19%) | 3 (17%) | 23 (22%) | 5 (13%) | 1 (12%) | |
| 2+/4+ | 18 (11%) | 1 (5.6%) | 10 (9.4%) | 7 (18%) | 0 (0%) | |
| 3+/4+ | 5 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (3.8%) | 1 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | |
| 4+/4+ | 2 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| TAPSE (mm) | 15.0 (12.0−18.0) | 15.0 (12.0−20.0) | 16.0 (13.0−18.0) | 14.0 (11.0−17.0) | 15.0 (11.5−19.0) | 0.16 |
| Systolic PAP (mmHg) | 45.0 (36.0−54.0) | 45.5 (33.5−49.8) | 45.0 (35.5−55.0) | 47.5 (40.0−50.0) | 49.5 (40.0−60.5) | 0.69 |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AR, aortic regurgitation; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; CI, cardiac index; CRP, C‐reactive protein; CVP, central venous pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalized ratio; LVEDV, left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MR, mitral regurgitation; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal proB‐type natriuretic peptide; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; SAP: systolic arterial pressure; SAPS: simplified acute physiology score; ScvO2, central venous oxygen saturation; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; WBC, white blood cell.
Data are presented as n (%) for categorical variables and median (25%, 75% percentiles) for continuous variables.
Derived through χ 2 or Fisher's exact test (frequencies < 5) for categorical variables and one‐way analysis of variance for continuous variables.