Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies (n = 115)
| Study | Title | Country | Urban level/type | Population | Study design | Sample size | SRH topic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abuya et al., 2014 | Determinants of educational exclusion: Poor urban girls' experiences in-and-out-of-school in Kenya | Kenya | Informal/slum settlements | Adolescent girls ages 10–19 years (who had attended school for at least 2 years); and teachers (currently teaching) | Qualitative | 44 | early marriage, GBV |
| Adedze et al., 2022 | Exploring Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs and Associated Barriers of Homeless Young Adults in Urban Ghana: A Qualitative Study | Ghana | lums and informal settlements | Homeless young male and female adults between the ages of 10 and 24 years | Qualitative | 30 in-depth interviews, 12 participants in focus group, and one key informant interview | contraceptive use/access, risky sexual behavior, STIs, abortion care |
| Agyekum et al., 2022 | Partner support and women’s contraceptive use: insight from urban poor communities in Accra, Ghana | Ghana | Urban area | currently married women and women in a union, ages 16–44 years; excludes currently pregnant women or those trying to be pregnant | Quantitative | 1,578 | contraceptive use/access |
| Ahmed et al., 2020 | Impact of the societal response to COVID-19 on access to healthcare for non- COVID-19 health issues in slum communities of Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan: results of pre- COVID and COVID-19 lockdown stakeholder engagements | Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan | Urban slums | Various Stakeholders | Qualitative | 860 | HIV/STIs, GBV, maternal health |
| Angeles et al., 2019 | Reducing Inequity in Urban Health: Have the Intra-urban Differentials in Reproductive Health Service Utilization and Child Nutritional Outcome Narrowed in Bangladesh? | Bangladesh | Urban slums and non-slums | Ever married women only, ages 13–49 years | Quantitative | 9,121 in 2006; 18,764 in 2013 | contraceptive use/access, maternal health |
| Anusomteerakul et al., 2014 | Adolescents' Reproductive Health Status in Urban Slums in the Khon Kaen Municipality, Thailand | Thailand | Urban slums | Male and female adolescents ages 10–19 years | Quantitative | 277 | contraceptive use/access, sexual debut, unintended pregnancy, abortion |
| Aransiola et al., 2014 |
Women’s perceptions and reflections of male partners and couple dynamics in family planning adoption in selected urban slums in Nigeria: a qualitative exploration |
Nigeria | Urban slums | Adult men and women, ages 18–49 years | Qualitative | 16 focus groups (8–12 participants each) | contraceptive use/access |
| Atagame et al., 2017 | Evaluation of the Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (NURHI) Program | Nigeria | Urban area | Women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | Baseline: 16,118; Endline: 10,672 | contraceptive use/access |
| Austrian et al., 2015 | Adolescent Girls Initiative—Kenya (Baseline Report) | Kenya | Urban informal settlements (slum) and a rural area | Girls only, ages 11–14 years | Quantitative | 6,219 | sexual debut, unintended pregnancy, GBV, early marriage, contraceptive use/access |
| Austrian et al., 2018 | Adolescent Girls Initiative—Kenya (Midline Report) | Kenya | Urban informal settlements (slum) and a rural area | girls only, ages 11–14 years | Quantitative | 4,093 | sexual debut, unintended pregnancy, GBV, early marriage, contraceptive use/access |
| Babalola et al., 2015 | Factors associated with contraceptive ideation among urban men in Nigeria | Nigeria | urban areas | Men only, mean age is 33 years | Quantitative | 2,358 | contraceptive use/access |
| Balaji et al., 2011 |
The Acceptability, Feasibility, and Effectiveness of a Population based Intervention to Promote Youth Health: An Exploratory Study in Goa, India |
India | Urban vs Rural | Young men and women ages 16–24 years | Quantitative | 87 | SRH, violence, mental health |
| Begum et al., 2014 | Prevalence of unmet need for contraception in urban slum communities, Mumbai | India | Urban slums | Married women ages 18–39 years with at least 1 child | Quantitative | 2,797 | contraceptive use/access, fertility preferences |
| Beguy et al., 2014 | Unintended Pregnancies among Young Women Living in Urban Slums: Evidence from a Prospective Study in Nairobi City, Kenya | Kenya | Urban slums | Young women ages 15–22 years | Quantitative | 849 | unintended, unwanted or mistimed pregnancies |
| Beguy et al., 2017 | Changes in Use of Family Planning among the Urban Poor: Evidence from Nairobi Slums | Kenya | Urban slums and non-slums | Women who were married or living with a partner, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 1,931 in 2000; 2,345 in 2012 | family planning, urban and informal settlements |
| Beguy et al.; 2013 | Status Report on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescents Living in Urban Slums in Kenya | Kenya | Urban slums and non-slums | Adolescents and young men and women, ages 12–14; 15–19; 20–22 years | Mixed methods | Wave 1, n = 4058, Wave 2, n = 2,674, Wave 3, n = 1,923; 75 in-depth interviews | fertility, HIV/STIs, sexual debut, contraceptive use/access, unintended pregnancy, abortion |
| Benson et al., 2017 | Longitudinal evaluation of the Tupange Urban Family Planning Program in Kenya | Kenya | Urban area | Women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 5,217 | fertility and FP use |
| Benza et al., 2016 |
Fertility and urban context: A case study from Ghana, West Africa, using remotely sensed imagery and GIS |
Ghana | Urban area | NA | Quantitative | unspecified | fertility |
| Bergam et al., 2022 |
“I am not shy anymore”: A qualitative study of the role of an interactive mHealth intervention on sexual health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of South African adolescents with perinatal HIV |
South Africa | urban township | Adolescent boys and girls with perinatal HIV | Qualitative | 21 | SRH knowledge for those living with HIV |
| Bond et al., 2016 | “The difference that makes a difference”: highlighting the role of variable contexts within an HIV Prevention Community Randomised Trial (HPTN 071/PopART) in 21 study communities in Zambia and South Africa | South Africa and Zambia | 21 urban communities | Adult men and women | Mixed methods | 66 key informant interviews, 81 group discussions, 140 observation activities, and 1,006 surveys | HIV/STI risks |
| Bowring et al., 2020 | Unmet Need for Family Planning and Experience of Unintended Pregnancy Among Female Sex Workers in Urban Cameroon: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study | Cameroon | Urban areas | FSW ages 18 or older | Quantitative | 2,250 | contraceptive use/access, unintended pregnancy |
| Brahmbhatt et al., 2014 | Prevalence and Determinants of Adolescent Pregnancy in Urban, Disadvantaged Settings across Five Cities | United States, South Africa, Nigeria, India, China | Urban areas | Adolescents ages 15–19 years | Quantitative | 2,500 | adolescent pregnancy, urban and disadvantaged settings |
| Bwalya et al., 2020 |
Social response to the delivery of HIV self-testing in households: experiences from four Zambian HPTN 071 (PopART) urban communities |
Zambia | Urban communities | Adult men and women | Qualitative | 40 interviews, 22 observations and 91 group discussions | HIV testing |
| Calhoun et al., 2013 | Provider imposed restrictions to clients’ access to family planning in urban Uttar Pradesh, India: a mixed methods study | India | Urban areas | healthcare providers in six cities in Uttar Pradesh, India | Mixed Methods | 250 surveys; 21 interviews | Family planning, contraceptive use/access |
| Chamie et al., 2021 | Financial incentives and deposit contracts to promote HIV retesting in Uganda: A randomized trial | Uganda | peri urban communities | Adult men and women | Quantitative—RCT | 524 | HIV testing |
| Chang et al., 2019 | Effect of Prices, Distribution Strategies, and Marketing on Demand for HIV Self-testing in Zimbabwe A Randomized Clinical Trial | Zimbabwe | urban vs rural | Adult men and women | Quantitative—RCT | 3,996 | HIV testing |
| Chin-Quee et al., 2021 | Task sharing of injectable contraception services in Pakistan: A randomized controlled trial | Pakistan | urban vs rural | health facilities, providers, clients | Quantitative | urban = 355; rural = 105 | contraceptive use/access |
| Choko et al., 2019 |
HIV self-testing alone or with additional interventions, including financial incentives, and linkage to care or prevention among male partners of antenatal care clinic attendees in Malawi: An adaptive multi-arm, multi-stage cluster randomised trial |
Malawi | urban areas | male partners of women attending ANC | Quantitative—RCT | 2,349 | HIV testing |
| Choudhury et al., 2015 | Urban and Rural HIV estimates among Adult Population (15–49) in Selected States of India using spectrum data | India | Urban vs rural | Men and women ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | unspecified | HIV/STIs |
| Contra-Achyut et al., 2016 | Impact evaluation of the Urban Health Initiative in urban Uttar Pradesh, India | India | Urban areas | Currently married women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 16,802 at baseline, 14,026 at endline | contraceptive use/access |
| Corroon et al., 2016 |
Key Role of Drug Shops and Pharmacies for Family Planning in Urban Nigeria and Kenya |
Nigeria, Kenya | Urban areas | Women only, 15–49 years, who have had sex in the past year | Quantitative | Nigeria (N = 11,930), Kenya (N = 7,085) | contraceptive use/access |
| Cronin et al., 2018 | The effects of health facility access and quality on family planning decisions in urban Senegal | Senegal | Urban areas | Women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 9,614 women; 205 health facilities; 518 pharmacies | contraceptive use/access, fertility preferences |
| Das et al., 2015 |
Community mentors as coaches: transforming gender norms through cricket among adolescent males in urban India |
India | 2 urban slum communities | adolescent boys and young men, only (ages not specified) | Quantitative | 168 intervention 141 comparison, + surveys with additional 26 coaches and 16 mentors | GBV |
| Dinsa et al., 2022 | Equitable Distribution of Poor Quality of Care? Equity in Quality of Reproductive Health Services in Ethiopia | Ethiopia | Urban vs Rural | Facilities | Quantitative | DHS Ethiopia 2016 -17,000; SPA + : 1,327 public and private facilities, 1,640 ANC consultations and 1,026 FP consultations observed | Antenatal care, maternal health, contraceptive use/access |
| Dorward et al., 2017 |
Factors Associated With Poor Linkage to HIV Care in South Africa: Secondary Analysis of Data From the Thol’impilo Trial |
South Africa | urban vs rural | Adult men and women, ages 27–41 years | Quantitative | 2,398 | linkage to care for HIV |
| Engebretsen et al., 2011 | Piloting a safe spaces, asset-building program for adolescent girls urban Ghana | Ghana | urban areas | adolescent girls only (ages not specified) | Quantitative | unspecified | health knowledge |
| Engebretsen et al., 2013 | Follow-up study of migrant adolescent girls in domestic service who participated in the first cohort of the filles eveillees (Girls Awakened Program) | Burkina Faso | Urban area | migrant adolescent girls only, ages 11–16 at baseline, ages 12–18 years at follow up | Quantitative | 180, subset 50 follow up | pregnancy knowledge, family planning knowledge, HIV/STI knowledge |
| Erulkar et al., 2011 | Biruh Tesfa (‘Bright Future’) Program Provides Domestic Workers, Orphans & Migrants in Urban Ethiopia with Social Support, HIV Education & Skills | Ethiopia | Urban area | Girls ages 7–24 years; out-of-school slum-dwelling girls ages 10 to 19 years | Mixed Methods | 31,590 | HIV/STIs, GBV, maternal health |
| Escamilla et al., 2018 |
The Role of Distance and Quality on Facility Selection for Maternal and Child Health Services in Urban Kenya |
Kenya | Urban Poor | Women only (ages 15– 49 years) | Quantitative | 8,932 | contraceptive use/access |
| Ezeh et al., 2010 | Reaching the Urban Poor with Family Planning Services | Ghana, Kenya, Malawi | Urban poor | currently married women, ages 15–49 years | Mixed methods | unspecified | contraceptive use/access |
| Fotso et al., 2013 | Closing the poor-rich gap in contraceptive use in urban Kenya: are family planning programs increasingly reaching the urban poor? | Kenya | Urban area | Women of reproductive age | Quantitative | 4,306 | unmet need for FP |
| Geldsetzer et al., 2019 | Community health workers to improve uptake of maternal healthcare services: A cluster randomized pragmatic trial in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | Tanzania | urban area | pregnant women and new mothers | Quantitative—RCT | 2,329 | Maternal child health |
| Go et al., 2011 | High prevalence of forced sex among non-brothel based, wine shop centered sex workers in Chennai, India | India | slums | FSWs | Quantitative | 522 | HIV risk |
| Gosalia et al., 2012 | Gynecological Morbidities in Women of Reproductive Age Group in Urban Slums of Bhavnagar City | India | Urban slums | Women of reproductive age, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 750 | gynecological morbidities |
| Greif et al., 2011 | Urbanisation, Poverty and Sexual Behaviour: The Tale of Five African Cities | Ghana, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Uganda | Urban slums and non-slums | Women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 1,354 | HIV risk |
| Guilkey & Speizer, 2022 | The direct and indirect effects of community beliefs and attitudes on postpartum contraceptive method choice among young women ages 15–24 in Nigeria | Nigeria | Urban areas | Young men and women, ages 15–24 years | Quantitative | 1,649 | Postpartum contraceptive use |
| Hayes et al., 2017 |
A universal testing and treatment intervention to improve HIV control: One-year results from intervention communities in Zambia in the HPTN 071 (PopART) cluster-randomised trial |
Zambia | 21 urban communities | adult men and women | Quantitative—community RCT | 59,283 men, 61,847 women | HIV testing and treatment |
| Hebert et al., 2012 | Family planning providers’ perspectives on family planning service delivery in Ibadan and Kaduna, Nigeria: a qualitative study | Nigeria | Urban areas | male and female family planning providers | Qualitative | 59 | contraceptive use/access |
| Hidrobo et al., 2013 | The effect of cash, vouchers and food transfers on intimate partner violence: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Northern Ecuador | Ecuador | Urban poor | Women only, ages 15–69 years who are married or in unions at baseline | Quantitative | 1,231 | GBV |
| Huda et al., 2014 | Prevalence of unintended pregnancy and needs for family planning among married adolescent girls living in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh | Bangladesh | Urban slums | Married adolescent girls, ages 15–19 years | Mixed methods | 1,008 surveys; 29 interviews | unintended pregnancy and unmet need for FP |
| Hulstrand et al., 2019 | Contraception use and unplanned pregnancies in a peri-urban area of eSwatini (Swaziland) | eSwatini (Swaziland) | Peri-urban area | Women only, ages 14–19, 20–34, 35 and older | Quantitative | 1,436 | contraceptive use/access, unintended pregnancy, HIV/STIs, parity, maternal health (ANC attendance) |
| Ikamari et al., 2013 | Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in Nairobi, Kenya | Kenya | slum and non slum areas | women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 1,262 | unintended pregnancies |
| Do et al., 2020 | Partner Discussion as a Mediator of the Effects of Mass Media Exposure to FP on Contraceptive Use among Young Nigerians: Evidence from 3 Urban Cities | Nigeria | Urban areas | young men and women, ages 15–24 years | Quantitative | 777 | contraceptive use/access |
| Kabiru et al., 2010 | Transition into first sex among adolescents in slum and non-slum communities in Nairobi, Kenya | Kenya | Urban slums and non-slum areas | Adolescent men and women, ages 15–19 years | Quantitative | 2,134 | sexual debut |
| Kamal et al., 2011 | Socioeconomic Factors Associated With Contraceptive Use and Method Choice in Urban Slums of Bangladesh | Bangladesh | slum and non-slum areas of 6 cities | women only, ages 13–59 years | Quantitative | 14,191 | contraceptive use/access |
| Kamndaya et al., 2016 | The role of material deprivation and consumerism in the decisions to engage in transactional sex among young people in the urban slums of Blantyre, Malawi | Malawi | Urban slums | Young men and women, ages 18–23 years | Qualitative | 60 | transactional sex |
| Keesara et al., 2015 | Why do women choose private over public facilities for family planning services? A qualitative study of post-partum women in an informal urban settlement in Kenya | Kenya | Informal settlements | Women only, ages 19–38 years | Qualitative | 91 | contraceptive use/access |
| Kennedy et al., 2012 | HIV/STD Risk Behaviors Among In-School Adolescents in Post Conflict Liberia | Liberia | 8 urban schools | Adolescent boys and girls, ages 13–19 years | Quantitative—RCT | 820 | HIV/STIs, sexual debut, contraception, sexual risk behaviors |
| Khan et al., 2019 | Knowledge about HIV/AIDS among women in Bangladesh: an urban–rural comparison of trend, attitude and determinants | Bangladesh | Urban vs rural | Women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 11,440 in 2004; 17,863 in 2014 | HIV/AIDS knowledge |
| Khanna et al., 2022 | Social and economic marginalization and sexual and reproductive health and rights of urban poor young women: a qualitative study from Vadodara, Gujarat, India | India | 6 slums | women only, ages 18–26 years | Qualitative | 14 women and providers | contraceptive use/access, menstruation, exploring sexuality, fertility decisions, pregnancy and childbirth, abortion |
| Khoza et al., 2018 | Cash transfer interventions for sexual health: meanings and experiences of adolescent males and females in inner-city Johannesburg | South Africa | Inner city | Adolescent males and females, ages 16–18 years | Qualitative (RCT pilot study) | 120 | HIV/STIs, sexual debut |
| Kohler et al., 2016 | STI Screening Uptake and Knowledge of STI Symptoms among Female Sex Workers Participating in a Community Randomized Trial in Peru | Peru | Urban areas | FSWs | Quantitative—Community randomized trial | 4,156 | STI screening and knowledge of STI symptoms |
| Kuringe et al., 2022 | Effectiveness of Cash Transfer Delivered Along With Combination HIV Prevention Interventions in Reducing the Risky Sexual Behavior of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Tanzania: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial | Tanzania | urban, rural high risk, and rural low-risk areas | out of school adolescent girls and young women, ages 15–23 years | Quantitative—cluster RCT | 3,026 | HIV incidence, Herpes (HSV-2) incidence, risky sexual behavior |
| Leight et al., 2022 | The effects of text reminders on the use of family planning services: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in urban Mozambique | Mozambique | urban areas | Women, only | Quantitative | 21,560 | contraceptive use/access |
| Levy et al., 2014 | Assessing Gaps and Poverty-Related Inequalities in the Public and Private Sector Family Planning Supply Environment of Urban Nigeria | Nigeria | Urban areas | women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 16,101 | contraceptive use/access |
| Limbada et al., 2022 | Acceptability and Preferences of Two Different Community Models of ART Delivery in a High Prevalence Urban Setting in Zambia: Cluster‑Randomized Trial, Nested in the HPTN 071 (PopART) Study | Zambia | two urban communities | adult HIV + men and women, ages 18 and older | Quantitative—nested cluster RCT | 2,499 | HIV, acceptability and preferences for ART delivery models |
| Liyanto et al., 2022 | How well are Indonesia’s urban poor being provided access to quality reproductive health services? | Indonesia | Urban areas | women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 43,852 | contraceptive use/access, maternal health |
| Lulseged et al., 2022 | Progress towards controlling the HIV epidemic in urban Ethiopia: Findings from the 2017–2018 Ethiopia population-based HIV impact assessment survey | Ethiopia | Urban areas | Adult men and women, ages 15–64 years | Quantitative | 19,136 | HIV prevalence |
| Machiyama et al., 2019 | Childbearing desires and behaviour: a prospective assessment in Nairobi slums | Kenya | Urban areas | postpartum women, ages 15–49 uears | Quantitative | 4,140 | Fertility |
| Madise et al., 2012 | Are slum dwellers at heightened risk of HIV infection than other urban residents? Evidence from population-based HIV prevalence surveys in Kenya | Kenya | Urban slums and non-slums; intra-urban differences | Women (ages 15–49 years) and Men (ages 15–54 years) | Quantitative | 9,756 | HIV prevalence |
| Magadi et al., 2013 | The Disproportionate High Risk of HIV Infection Among the Urban Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa | 20 countries in SSA | Urban poor | Women (ages 15–49 years) and Men (aged 15–54 years) | Quantitative | 175,699 | HIV prevalence |
| Maria et al., 2022 | Cervical cancer screening among HIV-positive women in urban Uganda: a cross sectional study | Uganda | Urban areas | HIV-positive women ages 18—65 years | Quantitative | 205 | HIV/STIs; cervical cancer screening |
| McCarthy et al., 2017 | Quality improvement intervention to increase adherence to ART prescription policy at HIV treatment clinics in Lusaka, Zambia: A cluster randomized trial | Zambia | urban area | Public health facilities, HIV infected men and women | Quantitative—cluster RCT | 16 public health facilities, 17,728 patients | HIV, ART prescription policies |
| Mcllwaine et al., 2013 | Urbanization and gender-based violence: exploring the paradoxes in the global South | unspecified | Urban areas | - | Qualitative | unspecified | GBV |
| Muanda et al., 2018 | Attitudes toward sexual and reproductive health among adolescents and young people in urban and rural DR Congo | DRC | Urban vs rural | Adolescent men and women, ages 15–24 years | Qualitative | 224 | modern contraceptive usage among sexually active unmarried women; adolescents' knowledge and practices related to SRH |
| Muhula et al., 2022 | Six-Months Retention on Treatment and Attrition Risk Factors among People Living with HIV in Kibera Informal Settlement, Nairobi, Kenya | Kenya | informal settlements | newly HIV + enrolled in treatment, adult men and women ages 18 and older | Quantitative—unblinded RCT | 388 | HIV, ART treatment adherence |
| Muindia et al., 2014 | Migration and sexual behavior among youth in in Nairobi's slum areas | Kenya | Urban slums | Adolescent and young adult men and women, ages 12–22 years | Quantitative | 3,200 | Risky sexual behaviors, timing of first sex |
| Mulawa et al., 2016 |
Evidence of social network influence on multiple HIV risk behaviors and normative beliefs among young Tanzanian men |
Tanzania | Urban areas | Adult men and women | Quantitative | 1,249 men; 242 women | HIV |
| Mumah et al., 2015 | Contraceptive Adoption, Discontinuation, and Switching among Postpartum Women in Nairobi’s Urban Slums | Kenya | urban slums | postpartum women, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | 3,579 | unmet need, contraceptive adoption, discontinuation and switching |
| Mutisya et al. 2019 | Strengthening integration of family planning with HIV/AIDS and other services: experience from three Kenyan cities | Kenya | Urban areas | facilities/providers and adult clients | Mixed methods | 103 providers, clients | FP and HIV/AIDS service integration |
| Nada et al., 2010 | Violence, abuse, alcohol and drug use, and sexual behaviors in street children of Greater Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt | Egypt | urban areas | male and female youth, ages 12–17 years, living on the street | Quantitative | 857 | HIV prevalence and risk behaviors |
| Ndayishimiye et al., 2020 | Availability, accessibility, and quality of adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health(SRH) services in urban health facilities of Rwanda: a survey among social and healthcare providers | Rwanda | Urban areas | Male and female health providers ages 15–65 years | Mixed methods | 159 | adolescent pregnancy and contraction of HIV and STIs; quality and comprehensive SRH services and information for adolescents |
| Okigbo et al., 2015 | Determinants of Sexual Activity and Pregnancy among Unmarried Young Women in Urban Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study | Kenya | Urban areas | Women only, ages 15–24 years, who had never been married, and were not living with a male partner | Quantitative | 2,020 | Sexual debut, time to first pregnancy (fertility), teen pregnancy |
| Ortblad et al., 2019 | The Effect of HIV Self‑Testing Delivery Models on Female Sex Workers’ | Uganda | Urban areas | FSWs 18 and older | Quantitative | 1,649 | HIV |
| Pal et al., 2014 | Sexual Behaviors: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Urban Uganda | India | Urban slums | Married women only, ages 15–44 years | Quantitative | 414 | Unmet need for family planning |
| Pinchoff et al., 2019 | The evaluation of the Woman’s Condom marketing approach: What value did peer-led interpersonal communication add to the promotion of a new female condom in urban Lusaka? | Zambia | urban areas | Sexually active young adult men and women, ages 18–24 years | Quantitative | 21,560 | contraceptive use/access |
| Plymoth et al., 2020 | Socio-economic condition and lack of virological suppression among adults and adolescents receiving antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia | Ethiopia | rural vs urban | HIV + adult men and women | Quantitative—case control study | 307 | HIV |
| Prasad et al., 2022 | Factors Related to Health Service Utilization among Adolescent Girls in Urban Slums of Jaipur, India | India | Urban areas | girls only, ages of 10–19 years | Mixed methods | 417 surveys; 7 focus groups (12 girls each) | Health service utilization (maternal and child health) |
| Psaki et al., 2022 | What are we learning about HIV testing in informal settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa? Results from a randomized controlled trial | South Africa | informal settlements | Men ages 18–35 years, women ages 18–24 years | Quantitative—stepped wedge evaluation | 1,528 | HIV testing |
| Rashid et al., 2011 | Human rights and reproductive health: political realities and pragmatic choices for married adolescent women living in urban slums, Bangladesh | Bangladesh | Urban slums | Married adolescent girls (ages not specified) | Qualitative | 153 | SRHR |
| Renzaho et al., 2021 | Do Community-based Livelihood Interventions Affect Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Young People in Slum Areas of Uganda: a Difference-in-difference with Kernel Propensity Score Matching Analysis | Uganda | Slums | Young men and women, ages 13–24 years | Quantitative | 663- baseline; 579-follow-up | sexual debut, access to contraception and decision-making, reduced barriers to HIV testing, HIV/risky sexual behaviors |
| Renzaho et al., 2017 | Sexual, Reproductive Health Needs, and Rights of Young People in Slum Areas of Kampala, Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study | Uganda | Urban slums | Young men and women, ages 13–24 years | Quantitative | 663 | comprehensive categories of SRH including sexual behaviors, sexual education and access to contraceptive services, family planning, prevention of STDs, sexual consent as a right, gender-based violence, HIV testing and counseling |
| Rimal et al., 2015 | Interpersonal communication as an agent of normative influence: a mixed method study among the urban poor in India | India | Urban areas | women only, ages 15–49 years | Mixed methods | 11,811 | contraceptive use/access |
| Saggurti et al., 2014 | Impact of the RHANI Wives intervention on marital conflict and sexual coercion | India | Urban areas | Women only, with a history of IPV | Quantitative—cluster randomized evaluation | 220 | IPV |
| Schwandt et al., 2017 | Contraceptive service provider-imposed restrictions to contraceptive access in urban Nigeria | Nigeria | Urban areas | health service providers | Quantitative |
Health facility providers (n = 1,479); Pharmacists (n = 415); PMVs (n = 483);Total: 2,377 |
contraceptive use/access |
| Sharanya et al., 2014 |
Reproductive health status and life skills of adolescent girls dwelling in slums in Chennai, India |
India | Urban slums | Adolescent girls only, ages 13–19 years | Quantitative | 130 | Menstrual morbidity, reproductive/UTI, contraceptive use, abortion, HIV knowledge |
| Sidibe et al., 2020 | Trends in contraceptive use, unmet need and associated factors of modern contraceptive use among urban adolescents and young women in Guinea | Guinea | Urban areas | Adolescent girls, ages 15–24 years | Quantitative | 1,026 in 1999; 1,034 in 2005; 1,650 in 2012; 1,875 in 2018 | contraceptive use/access |
| Sidze et al., 2014 | Young women access and use of contraception: the role of providers’ restrictions in urban Senegal | Senegal | urban areas | Women only, ages 15–29 years | Quantitative | 2,340 married 237 unmarried women; 205 facilities, 647 provider interview | contraceptive use/access |
| Speizer et al., 2015 | Fertility desires, family planning use and pregnancy experience: longitudinal examination of urban areas in three African countries | 3 countries: Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal | Urban areas | Women only, ages 15–49 years | Quantitative | Kenya: 3,108; Nigeria: 4,001; Senegal: 2,721; Total 9,830 | fertility, contraceptive use/access |
| Speizer et al., 2019 | Assessing the sustainability of the Nigerian urban reproductive health initiative facility level programming: longitudinal analysis of service quality | Nigeria | Urban areas | Health providers | Mixed-methods | 156 | |
| Speizer et al., 2013 |
Timing and Circumstances of First Sex among Female and Male Youth from Select Urban Areas of Nigeria, Kenya, and Senegal |
Nigeria, Kenya, Senegal | Urban areas | Young men and women, ages 15–24 years | Quantitative |
Kenya: 3,045; Nigeria 5,709; Senegal 4,195 |
Timing of first sex/sexual initiation, premarital first sex, modern FP use at first sex |
| Speizer et al., 2013 | Influence of integrated services on postpartum family planning use: a cross-sectional survey from urban Senegal | Senegal | Urban areas | Women only, ages 15–49 years within 2 years postpartum | Quantitative | 1,879 | postpartum FP use |
| Starman et al., 2018 |
Examining diffusion to understand the how of SASA!, a violence against women and HIV prevention intervention in Uganda |
Uganda | Urban areas | Male/Female adult couples | Mixed Methods | 928 quant, 20 IDIs | HIV prevention and GBV |
| Thornton & Godlonton, 2016 | Medical male circumcision: How does price affect the risk-profile of take-up? | Malawi | Urban areas | Adult men, only | Quantitative | 1,649 | HIV, circumcision, sexual behavior |
| Tran et al., 2020 | Effectiveness of post-partum family planning interventions on contraceptive use and method mix at 1 year after childbirth in Kinshasa, DR Congo (Yam Daabo): a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial | DRC | urban vs suburban | postpartum women | Quantitative | 576 | postpartum FP; contraceptive use |
| Tumlinson et al., 2015 | Provider barriers to family planning access in urban Kenya | Kenya | Urban areas | Health providers | Quantitative | 692 health care providers from 273 healthcare facilities | contraceptive use/access |
| Urada et al., 2012 | Condom Negotiations among Female Sex Workers in the Philippines: Environmental Influences | Philippines | urban areas | Women bar/spa workers, ages 18 years and older | Qualitative | 142 interviews | negotiating condoms for FSWs |
| Van der kop et al., 2018 | Effect of an interactive text-messaging service on patient retention during the first year of HIV care in Kenya (WelTel Retain): an open-label, randomised parallel-group study | Kenya | Urban areas | HIV positive adult men and women | Quantitative—RCT | 700 | HIV care |
| Van Rooyen et al., 2013 | Mobile VCT: Reaching men and young people in urban and rural South African pilot studies (NIMH Project Accept, HPTN 043) | South Africa | urban vs rural | Adult men and women | Quantitative | 1,015 surveys, 40 interviews | HIV |
| Wai et al., 2019 | Unmet Need for Family Planning among Urban and Rural Married Women in Yangon Region, Myanmar—a Cross-Sectional Study | Myanmar | Urban vs Rural | married women only, ages 18–49 years | Quantitative | 1,100 | unmet need for FP |
| Weeks et al., 2011 | Connecting the Dots Between Health, Poverty, and Place in Accra, Ghana | Ghana | Urban areas | women only | Mixed Methods | 3,200 | Child health, women's health |
| Winston et al., 2018 |
Impact of the Urban Reproductive Health Initiative on family planning uptake at facilities in Kenya, Nigeria, and Senegal |
Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal | Urban areas | Health providers | Quantitative | Kenya (Baseline N = 279; Endline N = 377); Nigeria (Baseline N = 400; Endline N = 385); Senegal (Baseline N = 205; Endline N = 249) | FP uptake (supply side) |
| Wondemagegn & Berkessa, 2020 |
High level risky sexual behavior among persons living with HIV in the urban setting of the highest HIV prevalent areas in Ethiopia: Implications for interventions |
Ethiopia | Urban areas | Adult men and women living with HIV | Quantitative | 10 health facilities; 27 providers; 460 clients | HIV |
| Yadav et al., 2020 | Unmet need for family planning services among young married women (15–24 years) living in urban slums of India | India | Urban slums | Young married women only, ages 15–24 years | Quantitative | 535 | unmet need for FP |
| Ziraba et al., 2018 |
Understanding HIV risks among adolescent girls and young women in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya: Lessons for DREAMS |
Kenya | slum settlements | Adolescent girls only, ages 12–23 years | Quantitative | 1,390 | HIV risk |