Table 2.
Factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms in military personnel on the first-line of defense against COVID-19, bivariate analysis
| Variables | Depression symptoms | p* | Anxiety symptoms | p* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 423) | Yes (n = 180) | No (n = 464) | Yes (n = 131) | |||
| n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |||
| Age (years)*** | 22(19–33) | 22(19-29.5) | 0.394** | 22(19–32) | 23(19–30) | 0.846** |
| Gender | 0.552 | 0.976 | ||||
| Female | 29( 74.4) | 10( 25.6) | 28( 77.8) | 8( 22.2) | ||
| Male | 394( 69.9) | 170( 30.1) | 436( 78.0) | 123( 22.0) | ||
| Marital status | 0.039 | 0.108 | ||||
| Single | 297( 67.0) | 146( 33.0) | 333( 76.4) | 103( 23.6) | ||
| Married | 111( 79.9) | 28( 20.1) | 117( 84.8) | 21( 15.2) | ||
| Cohabiting | 9( 69.2) | 4( 30.8) | 9( 69.2) | 4( 30.8) | ||
| Divorced | 6( 75.0) | 2( 25.0) | 5( 62.5) | 3( 37.5) | ||
| Religion | 0.518 | 0.494 | ||||
| None | 60( 68.2) | 28( 31.8) | 66( 75.9) | 21( 24.1) | ||
| Catholic | 301( 71.5) | 120( 28.5) | 329( 79.3) | 86( 20.7) | ||
| Non-Catholic | 62( 66.0) | 32( 34.0) | 69( 74.2) | 24( 25.8) | ||
| Having children | 124( 74.7) | 42( 25.3) | 0.132 | 130( 79.8) | 33( 20.3) | 0.522 |
| Alcoholism | 67( 64.4) | 37( 35.6) | 0.161 | 74( 73.3) | 27( 26.7) | 0.209 |
| Smoking | 19( 50.0) | 19( 50.0) | 0.005 | 20( 52.6) | 18( 47.4) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Hypertension | 36( 65.5) | 19( 34.6) | 0.425 | 39( 70.9) | 16( 29.1) | 0.184 |
| Diabetes | 6( 54.6) | 5( 45.5) | 0.254 | 7( 63.6) | 4( 36.4) | 0.246 |
| BMI (categorized) | 0.546 | 0.674 | ||||
| Underweight/normal | 246( 69.1) | 110( 30.9) | 273( 77.8) | 78( 22.2) | ||
| Overweight | 145( 73.2) | 53( 26.8) | 157( 80.1) | 39( 19.9) | ||
| Obesity | 27( 67.5) | 13( 32.5) | 29( 74.4) | 10( 25.6) | ||
| Personal mental health history | 0.016 | 0.024 | ||||
| No | 421( 70.6) | 175( 29.4) | 461( 78.4) | 127( 21.6) | ||
| Yes | 2( 28.6) | 5( 71.4) | 3( 42.9) | 4( 57.1) | ||
| Family mental health history | < 0.001 | 0.007 | ||||
| No | 416( 72.0) | 162( 28.0) | 450( 79.0) | 120( 21.1) | ||
| Yes | 7( 28.0) | 18( 72.0) | 14( 56.0) | 11( 44.0) | ||
| Seeking mental health support | 0.227 | 0.107 | ||||
| No | 393( 70.8) | 162( 29.2) | 431( 78.8) | 116( 21.2) | ||
| Yes | 30( 62.5) | 18( 37.5) | 33( 68.8) | 15( 31.3) | ||
| Trust in the government to manage COVID-19 | 0.051 | 0.064 | ||||
| Yes | 241( 73.5) | 87( 26.5) | 262( 80.9) | 62( 19.1) | ||
| No | 182( 66.2) | 93( 33.8) | 202( 74.5) | 69( 25.5) | ||
| Working time | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 1 to 6 months | 101( 67.3) | 49( 32.7) | 114( 76.5) | 35( 23.5) | ||
| 7 to 12 months | 64( 65.3) | 34( 34.7) | 68( 69.4) | 30( 30.6) | ||
| 13 to 18 months | 74( 58.3) | 53( 41.7) | 84( 67.2) | 41( 32.8) | ||
| 19 months or more | 174( 81.3) | 40( 18.7) | 188( 89.5) | 22( 10.5) | ||
| Food insecurity | 0.001 | 0.145 | ||||
| No | 236( 76.4) | 73( 23.6) | 246( 80.4) | 60( 19.6) | ||
| Yes | 187( 63.6) | 107( 36.4) | 218( 75.4) | 71( 24.6) | ||
| Insomnia | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Absence of clinical insomnia | 359( 82.3) | 77( 17.7) | 390( 89.5) | 46( 10.6) | ||
| Subclinical insomnia | 36( 34.6) | 68( 65.4) | 49( 47.1) | 55( 52.9) | ||
| Moderate clinical insomnia | 4( 23.5) | 13( 76.5) | 5( 29.4) | 12( 70.6) | ||
| Severe clinical insomnia | 0( 0.0) | 9( 100.0) | 0( 0.0) | 9( 100.0) | ||
| Level of physical activity | 0.517 | 0.128 | ||||
| Low | 41( 64.1) | 23( 35.9) | 44( 68.8) | 20( 31.3) | ||
| Moderate | 27( 69.2) | 12( 30.8) | 29( 74.4) | 10( 25.6) | ||
| High | 355( 71.0) | 145( 29.0) | 391( 79.5) | 101( 20.5) | ||
| Resilience | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Low | 208( 62.5) | 125( 37.5) | 234( 70.3) | 99( 29.7) | ||
| High | 205( 81.0) | 48( 19.0) | 225( 88.9) | 28( 11.1) | ||
| Fear of COVID-19 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 327( 77.1) | 97( 22.9) | 369( 87.0) | 55( 13.0) | ||
| Yes | 44( 43.6) | 57( 56.4) | 44( 43.6) | 57( 56.4) | ||
*P-value of categorical variables calculated with the Chi-squared test
** P-value of categorical/numerical variables calculated with the U test (Mann-Whitney)
*** Median - interquartile range