Table 2.
Bivariate associations between childhood adversity, disorders of psychological development (F80–F83) and behavioural and emotional disorders with onset in childhood and adolescence (F90–F94) among the exposed and unexposed controls. Follow-up from birth to early adulthood, Cox regression hazard model, N = 2402.
| F80–F83 | F90–F94 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed, n =
615 HR (95% CI) |
p-value | Controls, n =
1787 HR (95% CI) |
p-value | Exposed, n =
615 HR (95% CI) |
p-value | Controls, n =
1787 HR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
| Sex and health in infancy | ||||||||
| FASD No Yes |
1 2.64 (1.49–4.70) |
0.001 |
1 1.60 (1.02–2.52) |
0.042 | ||||
| Sex Female Male |
1 1.52 (0.98–2.36) |
0.059 |
1 2.75 (1.95–3.89) |
< 0.001 |
1 1.65 (1.24–2.19) |
< 0.001 |
1 1.74 (1.26–2.41) |
< 0.001 |
| Birth weight ≥ 2500 g < 2500 g |
1 2.98 (1.85–4.83) |
< 0.001 |
1 2.32 (1.47–3.66) |
0.001 |
1 1.53 (1.05–2.24) |
0.027 |
1 1.01 (0.53–1.92) |
0.972 |
| Mother smoked throughout
pregnancy No Yes |
1 0.96 (0.59–1.58) |
0.875 |
1 0.93 (0.63–1.38) |
0.709 |
1 0.94 (0.68–1.30) |
0.710 |
1 1.99 (1.42–2.79) |
< 0.001 |
| Mother's sociodemographic characteristics at delivery | ||||||||
| Mother's age ≥ 25 years < 25 years |
1 0.76 (0.48–1.20) |
0.234 |
1 1.27 (0.94–1.73) |
0.124 |
1 1.25 (0.94–1.66) |
0.126 |
1 2.29 (1.67–3.13) |
< 0.001 |
| Mother's marital status Married Not married |
1 0.79 (0.48–1.31) |
0.368 |
1 1.17 (0.86–1.60) |
0.309 |
1 1.45 (0.99–2.12) |
0.060 |
1 1.89 (1.37–2.59) |
< 0.001 |
| Socioeconomic status Higher Lower |
1 0.76 (0.48–1.22) |
0.257 |
1.44 (1.06–1.97) |
0.022 |
1 1.22 (0.88–1.68) |
0.229 |
1 2.01 (1.44–2.80) |
< 0.001 |
| Maternal risk factors | ||||||||
| Mother's mental or behavioural disorder (excl. substance
abuse) No Yes |
1 1.14 (0.74–1.76) |
0.541 |
1 1.88 (1.34–2.63) |
< 0.001 |
1 1.09 (0.83–1.44) |
0.543 |
1 2.59 (1.87–3.59) |
< 0.001 |
| Mother's first mental or behavioural disorder No diagnosis Before birth After birth |
1 1.25 (0.74–2.11) 1.06 (0.63–1.78) |
0.411 0.823 |
1 2.19 (1.02–4.69) 1.83 (1.28–2.62) |
0.044 < 0.001 |
1 0.93 (0.64–1.34) 1.23 (0.89–1.69) |
0.687 0.204 |
1 3.85 (2.01–7.37) 2.42 (1.70–3.43) |
< 0.001 <0.001 |
| Child's age at mother's first mental or behavioural
disorder No diagnosis < 7 years ≥ 7 years |
1 1.02 (0.64–1.64) 1.55 (0.84–2.87) |
0.928 0.158 |
1 2.19 (1.44–3.35) 1.59 (1.00–2.53) |
< 0.001 0.050 |
1 1.04 (0.77–1.41) 1.25 (0.82–1.91) |
0.791 0.298 |
1 2.92 (1.94–4.41) 2.30 (1.50–3.54) |
< 0.001 < 0.001 |
| Mother's substance abuse problem (all substance abuse
related diagnoses) No Yes |
1 1.67 (0.99–2.81) |
0.055 |
1 2.31 (1.42–3.77) |
0.001 |
1 1.48 (1.07–2.04) |
0.018 |
1 3.54 (2.29–5.47) |
< 0.001 |
| Child's age at mother's first substance abuse problem
(as a primary diagnosis) No diagnosis < 7 years ≥ 7 years |
1 1.51 (0.94–2.42) 1.99 (1.04–3.82) |
0.091 0.038 |
1 1.88 (0.70–5.06) 2.96 (1.51–5.79) |
0.214 0.002 |
1 1.21 (0.90–1.62) 1.35 (0.87–2.12) |
0.220 0.185 |
1 4.32 (2.12–8.80) 2.38 (1.11–5.08) |
< 0.001 0.025 |
| Mother's criminal record No Yes |
1 1.56 (0.86–2.82) |
0.141 |
1 1.42 (0.35–5.74) |
0.620 |
1 1.23 (0.81–1.87) |
0.341 |
1 3.60 (1.33–9.70) |
0.012 |
| Child's age at mother's first criminal record No criminal record Before birth After birth |
1 1.40 (0.70–2.81) 2.09 (0.76–5.73) |
0.340 0.151 |
1 0.74 (0.10–5.29) 17.85 (2.49–128.06) |
0.765 0.004 |
1 0.89 (0.53–1.52) 2.77 (1.46–5.25) |
0.677 0.002 |
1 2.72 (0.87–8.54) 97.89 (13.07–733.35) |
0.086 0.001 |
| Mother's long-term social
assistance No Yes |
1 2.10 (1.16–3.80) |
0.014 |
1 1.97 (1.39–2.79) |
< 0.001 |
1 1.84 (1.28–2.64) |
< 0.001 |
1 3.18 (2.29–4.42) |
< 0.001 |
| Mother's death No Yes |
1 1.17 (0.62–2.20) |
0.637 |
1 0.05 (0.00–108.66) |
0.443 |
1 0.61 (0.37–1.02) |
0.058 |
1 0.49 (0.00–120.09) |
0.449 |
| Sum of maternal risk
factors 0 1 2–5 |
1 5.00 (0.65–38.42) 8.79 (1.22–63.26) |
0.122 0.031 |
1 1.75 (1.22–2.52) 2.58 (1.70–3.91) |
0.003 < 0.001 |
1 3.25 (1.28–8.26) 4.23 (1.73–10.29) |
0.013 0.002 |
1 2.46 (1.70–3.57) 4.49 (3.04–6.64) |
< 0.001 < 0.001 |
| Out-of-home care | ||||||||
| No OHC At least once in OHC |
1 2.05 (1.21–3.45) |
0.007 | 1 3.44 (2.39–4.96) |
< 0.001 | 1 4.37 (2.89–6.61) |
< 0.001 | 1 8.55 (6.20–11.78) |
< 0.001 |
| Age at first OHC No placement < 7 years ≥ 7 years |
1 2.09 (1.22–3.58) 1.92 (0.97–3.81) |
0.007 0.062 |
1 5.48 (3.35–8.98) 2.54 (1.57–4.12) |
< 0.001 < 0.001 |
1 4.49 (2.95–6.84) 4.02 (2.44–6.60) |
< 0.001 < 0.001 |
1 8.86 (5.47–14.34) 8.40 (5.83–12.12) |
< 0.001 < 0.001 |
Note. HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; FASD = Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder; OHC = out-of-home care.