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. 2023 Mar 30;14:1145763. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1145763

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Genotype dependent upregulation of BMP-Smad signaling activity. (A) Body weight of the mice at 12 weeks of age (male: n = 5 for each group, female: n = 7 for each group). (B) Expression levels of Id1, a target gene of BMP signaling, in tibiae were measured at 12 weeks of age (n = 4 male for each group). (C, D) Immunohistochemical detection of phosphorylated form of Smad1/5/9 in tibiae at 12 weeks of age. pSmad1/5/9-positive cells (brown staining) were marked by red arrows. Higher magnification photos are also shown. Scale bar = 50 µm (D). The ratio of pSmad1/5/9-positive cells (brown + blue) to total cells (blue) on the bone surface of the trabecular bone was analyzed (n = 4 male for each group) (C). ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05.