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Immunofluorescence detection of phosphorylated form of Smad1/5/9 in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from the mouse tibia. BMSCs were incubated with/without 100 ng/mL of rhBMP-2 for 30 min. Intensity of pSmad1/5/9 (red) in the nucleus was measured (n = 6 male for each group). Scale bar = 50 μm ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, and **p < 0.01.
