. 2023 Feb 3;147(11):2083–2092. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.256107

TABLE 2.

Effect of maternal choline supplementation on the concentration of choline metabolites in the male placentas at E15.5 and E18.5¹

	E15.5			E18.5
	1× choline	2× choline	4× choline	1× choline	2× choline	4× choline
Choline, μmol/g tissue	0.93 ± 0.06^a	1.02 ± 0.06^a	1.02 ± 0.06^a	1.14 ± 0.09^a	1.05 ± 0.09^a,b	0.85 ± 0.09^b
Acetylcholine, pmol/g tissue	97 ± 21^a	67 ± 14^a	29 ± 15^b	6 ± 3^a	15 ± 6^b	38 ± 8^c
TMAO, nmol/g tissue	10 ± 7^a	43 ± 7^b	108 ± 7^c	14 ± 12^a	56 ± 12^b	150 ± 12^c
Phosphocholine, nmol/g tissue	541 ± 24^a	564 ± 24^a	591 ± 24^a	382 ± 25^a	281 ± 25^b	299 ± 25^b
Phosphatidylcholine, μmol/g tissue	24 ± 1^a	25 ± 1^a	25 ± 1^a	20 ± 1^a	20 ± 1^a	21 ± 1^a
Glycerophosphocholine, nmol/g tissue	93 ± 20^a	114 ± 20^a	128 ± 20^a	183 ± 36^a	97 ± 36^a	156 ± 36^a
Sphingomyelin, μmol/g tissue	7.76 ± 0.30^a	8.08 ± 0.30^a	8.32 ± 0.30^a	6.36 ± 0.34^a	6.71 ± 0.34^a	6.70 ± 0.34^a
Betaine, μmol/g tissue	7.19 ± 0.40^a	6.68 ± 0.40^a	6.66 ± 0.40^a	7.01 ± 0.68^a	6.08 ± 0.68^a	5.81 ± 0.68^a

^¹

Values are means ± SEMs, n = 7 dams/group for each gestational day. Means in a row for the same gestational day without a common superscript letter differ, P ≤ 0.05. E, gestational day; TMAO, trimethylamine N–oxide.