. 2023 Feb 3;147(11):2083–2092. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.256107

TABLE 3.

Effect of maternal choline supplementation on the concentration of choline metabolites in the female placentas at E15.5 and E18.5¹

	E15.5			E18.5
	1× choline	2× choline	4× choline	1× choline	2× choline	4× choline
Choline, μmol/g tissue	1.30 ± 0.12^a	1.07 ± 0.12^a	1.12 ± 0.12^a	1.33 ± 0.09^a	1.13 ± 0.09^a	1.18 ± 0.09^a
Acetylcholine, pmol/g tissue	89 ± 18^a	28 ± 17^b	22 ± 13^b	7 ± 3^a	14 ± 4^b	44 ± 7^c
TMAO, nmol/g tissue	7 ± 7^a	44 ± 7^b	126 ± 7^c	17 ± 10^a	57 ± 10^b	135 ± 10^c
Phosphocholine, nmol/g tissue	525 ± 40^a	554 ± 40^a	600 ± 40^a	248 ± 15^a	306 ± 15^b	312 ± 15^b
Phosphatidylcholine, μmol/g tissue	23 ± 1^a	24 ± 1^a	25 ± 1^a	19 ± 1^a	22 ± 1^b	23 ± 1^b
Glycerophosphocholine, nmol/g tissue	84 ± 22^a	133 ± 21^a,b	162 ± 21^b	153 ± 29^a	123 ± 29^a	199 ± 29^a
Sphingomyelin, μmol/g tissue	8.03 ± 0.47^a	7.90 ± 0.46^a	8.07 ± 0.46^a	6.94 ± 0.33^a	6.71 ± 0.33^a	7.61 ± 0.33^a
Betaine, μmol/g tissue	6.38 ± 0.56^a	6.22 ± 0.56^a	6.66 ± 0.56^a	6.55 ± 0.45^a	7.05 ± 0.45^a	5.71 ± 0.45^a

^¹

Values are means ± SEMs, n = 7 dams/group for each gestational day. Means in a row for the same gestational day without a common superscript letter differ, P ≤ 0.05. E, gestational day; TMAO, trimethylamine N–oxide.