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. 2023 Mar 30;14:1170012. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170012

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Copyright © 2023 Hawerkamp, Dyer, Patil, McElheron, O’Dowd, O’Doherty, Mhaonaigh, George, O’Halloran, Reddy, Kenny, Little, Martin-Loeches, Bergin, Kennelly, Donnelly, Bourke, Long, Sui, Doherty, Conlon, Cheallaigh and Fallon

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cytokine Concentrations in Acute COVID-19. IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5 and IL12p70 were not significantly elevated in acute COVID-19 patients whilst all other cytokines were significantly elevated (TGF-B was significantly lower in acute COVID-19). Eleven Markers, namely IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-23, IL-33, TNF-α, IP-10, G-CSF and YKL-40 all differed significantly by COVID-19 Severity. Data are presented for controls (n = 44) and those with mild (n = 26), moderate (n = 58) and severe (n = 44) COVID-19 for NF-kB-dependent IL-6 & Th1 cytokines (A), Th2 cytokines (B), Th17 cytokines (C), interferon-related proteins (D), chemokines (E), growth factors (F), IL-1 family cytokines (G) and Ykl-40 (H). Results are presented for A-H in femtograms/mL (fg/mL) on a logarithmic scale. Results are also presented as a heatmap of log-transformed, z-scored concentrations based on disease severity for the entire cohort (I) and as a correlation matrix (J) demonstrating the relationships between differing markers. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ns, non-significant. Strongest correlations were seen (R>0.7) between 6 pairs: IL-1β & IL-4, IL-1β & TNF-α, IL-1β & IL-6, between IL-6 & TNF-α; between TNF-α and IL-10 and between IP-10 & IL-33 which all persisted following Bonferonni correction.