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. 2023 Mar 30;14:1170012. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170012

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Principal Components Analysis Demonstrates a Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Signature in Severe COVID-19. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed in those with acute COVID-19 to characterise the variability in inflammatory markers within this cohort. 11 markers which differed by disease severity category were included. PC1 and PC2 explained 52.08% and 11.93% of the variance respectively. Markers contributing most to PC1 included IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-33, G-CSF, TNF-α and IP-10 (A). Individual PC1 and PC2 values are given by disease severity (B). PC1 was significantly higher in severe disease, whilst PC2 was significantly lower in moderate than mild disease (C). PC1 was significantly correlated with WHO Severity Score and increasing oxygen requirements (C). ***p<0.001, ns, non-significant.