Table 5.

Active tension parameters for the whole heart model.

Parameter	Value		Unit	Description
	Atria	Ventricle
${\lambda }_0$	0.7	0.7	–	Minimum fiber stretch
$t_{\text{emd}}$	0.01	0.03	s	Electro-mechanical delay
$S_{\text{peak}}$	50 (RA), 80 (LA)	900 (RV), 450 (LV)	kPa	Peak isometric tension
$t_{\text{dur}}$	0.22	0.54	s	Duration of active contraction
${\tau }_{\text{c}0}$	0.06	0.25	s	Base time constant of contraction
$\text{ld}$	5.0	5.0	–	Degree of length dependence
${\text{ld}}_{\text{up}}$	0.5	0.5	s	Length dependence of upstroke time
${\tau }_{\text{r}}$	0.06	0.08	s	Time constant of relaxation
$t_{\text{cycle}}$	1.2	1.2	s	Length of heart cycle